Ankle & foot conditions

Question 1

95% of ankle sprains are____?

Answer 1

inversion sprains

Question 2

What is the mechanism of injury for inversion ankle sprains?

Answer 2

plantar flexion and inversion at the time of injury

Question 3

what are the common grades for inversion ankle sprains?

Answer 3

Grade 1: no loss of function, minimal tearing of ATFL
Grade 2: some loss of function, partial tear of ATFL and CFL, partial tear of PTFL
Grade 3: complete loss of function, complete rupture of ATFL and CFL, partial tear of PTFL

Question 4

What diagnostic can you use to see an inversion ankle sprain?

Answer 4

US imagining, MRI

Question 5

What are some special tests that can be used to diagnose inversion ankle sprains?

Answer 5

Positive anterior drawer

Talar Tilt

Question 6

What is a degenerative condition of the Achilles tendon?

Answer 6

Achilles tendonopathy

Question 7

What are the mechanisms of injury for achilles tendonopathy

Answer 7

Overuse and or incomplete healing after an injury

Question 8

What diagnostic tests can be used for achilles tendonopathy?

Answer 8

US imaging MRI

Question 9

What are the common patient complaints for achilles tendonapathy?

Answer 9

pain with stretching and or push off during gait

Question 10

What is a mechanical disorder causing chronic irritation of the plantar fascia secondary to overuse injury?

Answer 10

Plantar Fasciitis

Question 11

What are mechanisms of plantar fasciitis?

Answer 11

Excessive pronation
Tight posterior calf muscle
Acute injury for excessive loading of the foot
Rigid pes cavus

Question 12

Common signs for patient with plantar fasciitis?

Answer 12

Pain during first few steps after non-weight bearing rest (first step out of bed) or after prolonged walking

Question 13

What is entrapment of the posterior tibial nerve or one of its branches in the tarsal tunnel?

Answer 13

Tarsal tunnel syndrome

Question 14

What are some mechanisms of injury of tarsal tunnel?

Answer 14

over/excessive pronation
overuse problems resulting in tendonitis of long flexor
and posterior tibialis tendon
trauma may compromise tarsal tunnel

Question 15

What are some special tests you can use for tarsal tunnels?

Answer 15

Positive Tinel’s (tapping over it)

triple compression stress test (press on the area for 30 sec and see if it reproduces symptoms)

Question 16

What diagnostic tests can you use for tarsal tunnel?

Answer 16

EMG/NCV

Question 17

Common mechanism of tibias posterior tendonopathy?

Answer 17

Overuse, excessive pronation, and or incomplete healing after an injury

Question 18

What are common pt complaints with tibias posterior tendonopathy?

Answer 18

pain during gait, pain with eversion stretch

Question 19

Who is commonly affected by flexor hallucis tendonopathy?

Answer 19

ballet performers

Question 20

What is the mechanism of flexor hallucis tendonopathy?

Answer 20

overuse injury or incomplete healing after an injury

Question 21

common pt complaints with flexor hallucis tendonopathy?

Answer 21

Pain at toe off during gait

pain with 1st MTP extension stretch

Question 22

What is caused by biomechanical malalignment, ligamentous laxity, heredity, weak muscles, tight footwear?

Answer 22

Hallux Valgus

Question 23

What do you find with hallux valgus?

Answer 23

deformity a medial deviation the head of 1st metatarsal and base of proximal 1st phalanx move medially, while distal phalanx moves laterally

*can be because gastroc or soleus

Question 24

What is normal range of the big toe?

Answer 24

8-20 degrees

Question 25

What is classified when there is a tight triceps surae and or tendon, collapse of transverse arch, short 1st ray, excessive pronation of forefoot

Answer 25

Metatarsalgia/Mortons Neuroma

Question 26

What are some common pt complaints with mortons neuroma?

Answer 26

Pain between 1st and 2nd metatarsal heads after prolonged WB.
Can also squeeze metatarsal to see if pain is reproduce

Question 27

What is a genetic disorder causing fibular muscular atrophy and affecting both motor and sensory nerves?

Answer 27

Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease

Question 28

When does charcot-marie-tooth disease occur?

Answer 28

Childhood or adulthood

Question 29

Can charcot-marie-tooth disease progress from the muscles of the foot to the forearm?

Answer 29

YES

Question 30

What is characterized by increased height of longitudinal arches, dropping of anterior arch, metatarsal heads, lower than hind foot, plantar flexion, splaying of forefoot, claw toes?

Answer 30

Pes Cavus

Question 31

What is Pes Planus?

Answer 31

Reduction in height of medial arch

Question 32

Who does Pes Planus occur in?

Answer 32

infant and toddler feet

Question 33

What are the two types of Talipes Equinovarus?

Answer 33

1. Postural resulting from intrauterine malposition (didn’t allow for proper formation)
2. Talipes equinovarus is abnormal development of head and neck of talus, due to heredity or neuromuscular disorders

Question 34

What are the deformities observed with talipes Equinovarus?

Answer 34

1. Postural: PF, adducted and inverted foot
2. TE type: PF at TC joint; inversion at ST talocural, talonavicular, and calcaneocuboid joints, supination at midtarsals

Question 35

What is Equinus?

Answer 35

Plantar flexed foot

Question 36

What is the etiology of metatarsus adductus?

Answer 36

Congenital, muscle imbalance, or neuromuscular disease such as polio

Question 37

What are the two types of metatarsus adductus?

Answer 37

1. Rigid form results in a medial subluxation of the tarsometatarsal joint. Hind foot is slightly in values with navicular lateral to head to talus
2. Flexible form is observed as adduction of all of all five metatarsals at the tarsometatarsal joints