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Kines > Ankle and foot pt 1 > Flashcards

Ankle and foot pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how many bones are in the ankle/foot?

A

28 bones

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2
Q

how many joints are in the ankle/foot?

A

25 joints

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3
Q

what are some similarities between the ankle/foot and hand/wrist?

A

radius articulates with carpus, tibia with tarsus
7 carpal bones 7 tarsal bones
both have metacarpals/tarsals and phalanges

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4
Q

what is an embryological difference with the lower extremities?

A

long bones of the LE IR/MR so the great toe is medial, the top of the foot is the dorsal side, and plantigrade position of foot allows for walking and standing

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5
Q

what motion is anterior on the talocrural axis?

A

dorsiflexion

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6
Q

what motion is posterior on the talocrural axis?

A

plantarflexion

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7
Q

what motion is medial on the subtalar axis?

A

supination

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8
Q

what motion is lateral on the subtalar axis?

A

pronation

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9
Q

what are the conflicting functions of the ankle-foot?

A

stability vs mobility

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10
Q

what are some stability aspects of the ankle and foot?

A

provide stable BOS
act as a rigid lever

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11
Q

what are some mobility aspects of the ankle and foot?

A

dampen LE rotation
adapt to varied surface
flexible to absorb shock

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12
Q

what are the 3 functional foot segments?

A

forefoot
midfoot
hindfot

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13
Q

what makes up the forefoot?

A

metatarsals and phalanges

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14
Q

what makes up the midfoot?

A

navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms

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15
Q

what makes up the hindfoot?

A

talus and calcaneus

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16
Q

what is the segmental foot function of the hindfoot?

A

coverts LE transverse plane motion into sagittal, frontal and horizontal plane motion

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17
Q

what is the segmental foot function of the midfoot?

A

transmits hindfoot motion to forefoot
promotes stability of foot
heavily influenced hind foot

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18
Q

what is the segmental foot function of the forefoot?

A

Adapts to terrain
Heavily influenced by hindfoot

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19
Q

What action is created with varus?

A

Inversion

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20
Q

What action is created with valgus?

A

Eversion

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21
Q

If the axes in the ankle and foot with orthogonal what motions occur around the vertical axis?

A

Abduction and adduction

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22
Q

If the axes in the ankle and foot with orthogonal what motions occur around the coronal axis?

A

Dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

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23
Q

If the axes in the ankle and foot with orthogonal what motions occur around the longitudinal axis?

A

Inversion and eversion

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24
Q

When the foot and ankle is pronated what motions occur?

A

dorsiflexion
Eversion
Abduction

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25
Q

When the foot and ankle is supinated what motions occur?

A

Plantarflexion
Inversion
Adduction

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26
Q

What makes up the próxima portion of the talocrural joint?

A

Distal tibia and distal fibula with the talus

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27
Q

What is the talocrural structure in the frontal plane?

A

A mortise

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28
Q

What is the asymmetry of the lateral and medial malleloi in the frontal plane?

A

The lateral malleolus is lower than the medial malleolus

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29
Q

What is the asymmetry of the lateral and medial malleloi in the transverse plane?

A

Lateral malleolus is more posterior and distal

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30
Q

What is the asymmetry of the lateral and medial malleloi in the sagittal plane?

A

The medial malleoli is anterior and superior

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31
Q

What is the closed pack position of the distal talocrural joint?

A

Dorsiflexion

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32
Q

What is interesting about the talus in the transverse plane?

A

Talus body width is greater anterior than posterior up to (25%)
It is wider anterior than posterior which contributes to the closed pack position in DF because wider will push out slightly and promote stability

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33
Q

At the distal talocrural joint what object is resembled?

A

A truncated cone with the apes directed medically
The lateral talar surface area is greater than the medial

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34
Q

The greater the surface area the more….

A

Work/ movement

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35
Q

which ligaments are on the medial side of the foot?

A

medial (deltoid) ligament
plantar calcaneonavicular ligament
posterior talotibial ligament

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36
Q

which ligaments are on the lateral side of the foot?

A

anterior talotibial ligament
anterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
dorsal tarsometatarsal ligament
intermetatarsal ligament

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37
Q

what 3 bands make up the medial (deltoid) ligament?

A

calcaneotibial
anterior talotibia
tibionavicular

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38
Q

what is the medial (deltoid) ligament a check rein to?

A

eversion

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39
Q

what is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament a check rein to?

A

pronation and eversion

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40
Q

what is the plantar calcaneonavicular ligament known as and what does it do?

A

the spring ligament. Because it is a spring mechanism as the arch rises to lower the support. it is a hammock for the navicular when it is tension loaded when pronated it supports the navicular from dropping

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41
Q

what is the posterior talotibial ligament a check rein to?

A

dorsiflexion and eversion

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42
Q

what is the posterior talofibular ligament (PTFL) a check rein to?

A

dorsiflexion and inversion

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43
Q

what is the calcaneofibular (CFL) ligament a check rein to?

A

inversion

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44
Q

what is the anterior talofibular (ATFL) a check rein to?

A

plantarflexion and inversion

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45
Q

what is the most commonly sprained ligament?

46
Q

How are the ATFL and CFL not sprained together?

A

purely inversion is the CFL
but inversion and plantarflexion is the ATFL and possibly the CFL

47
Q

what are the two motions in the sagittal plane for the talocrural joint?

A

dorsiflexion and plantarflexion

48
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint?

49
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of plantarflexion of the talocrural joint?

50
Q

what are the two motions in the transverse plane for the talocrural joint?

A

adduction (medially rotation) and abduction (lateral rotation)

51
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of adduction of the talocrural joint?

52
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of abduction of the talocrural joint?

53
Q

what are the motions in the frontal plane for the talocrural joint?

A

tilt, inversion (lateral tilt) and eversion (medial tilt)

54
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of inversion or lateral tilt of the talocrural joint?

55
Q

what are the osteokinematic values of eversion or medial tilt of the talocrural joint?

56
Q

what are the talocrural osteokinematic functional requirements for gait?

A

DF 10º Pf 20º

57
Q

what are the talocrural osteokinematic functional requirements for ascending stairs?

A

20-25º DF and 10-15º PF

58
Q

what are the talocrural osteokinematic functional requirements for running?

A

25º DF and 25º PF

59
Q

during gait what is the talocrural compression force?

A

4.5 x body weight

60
Q

how far is the talocrural joint from the M-L axis?

61
Q

how far is the talocrural joint from the longitudinal axis?

62
Q

how far is the talocrural joint from the A-P axis?

63
Q

what is the talocrural joint really good at?

A

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

64
Q

what is moving on what in open chain dorsiflexion arthrokinematics of the talocrural joint?

A

convex talus moving on concave mortise

65
Q

what are the arthrokinematic motions in open chain dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint?

A

anterior talar roll and posterior slide

66
Q

is the talar facet surface area greater medial or lateral?

A

greater lateral than medial

67
Q

what does greater surface area allow for?

A

greater excursion (slide/glide)

68
Q

in posterior talar excursion which is greater medial or lateral?

A

greater lateral than medial

69
Q

because surface area is greater lateral and there is more excursion on the lateral side of the talar facet what is the result?

A

abduction (lateral rotation) of talus in mortise

70
Q

what is moving on what in closed chain dorsiflexion arthrokinematics of the talocrural joint?

A

concave mortise moving on convex talus

71
Q

what are the arthrokinematic motions in closed chain dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint?

A

anterior mortise roll and slide

72
Q

is the malleolar facet surface area greater medial or lateral?

A

greater lateral than medial

73
Q

in anterior malleolar excursion which is greater medial or lateral?

A

greater lateral than medial

74
Q

because surface area is greater lateral and there is more excursion on the lateral side of the malleolar facet what is the result?

A

adduction (medial rotation) of the mortise on the talus

75
Q

medial rotation of the mortise on the talus equals what?

A

medial rotation of lower leg on the talus

76
Q

because the radius of curvature of the talus is greater lateral than medial in closed chain kinematics what is the result?

A

fibular rotation
DF: medial
PF: lateral

77
Q

as the larger portion of talus enters the mortise how does the fibula glide?

78
Q

what are the primary muscle check rein structures to dorsiflexion?

A

gastrocnemius and gastrocsoleus

79
Q

what are the muscle check rein structures to plantarflexion?

A

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus

80
Q

what are the muscle check rein structures on the medial ankle for eversion stress?

A

Tom Dick and Harry
Tibialis posterior, flexors Digitorum longus, flexor Hallucis longus

81
Q

what are the muscle check rein structures on the lateral ankle for inversion stress?

A

pronius longus (fibularis longus) and pronius brevis (fibularis brevis)

82
Q

how many talocalcaneal articulations are there?

83
Q

what are the 3 talocalcaneal articulations?

A

anterior, middle and posterior

84
Q

which talocalcaneal articulations are concave and which are convex?

A

the anterior and middle facets are both concave
the posterior facet is convex

85
Q

what separates the talocalcaneal articulations of the subtalar joint?

A

the tarsal canal creating 2 separate joint cavities

86
Q

what is the job of the subtalar joint?

A

dampens LE rotary forces

87
Q

what is the goal of the subtalar joint?

A

maintains foot contact with the ground

88
Q

where can the sinus tarsi “bullet hole” be seen?

A

between the talus and calcaneus

89
Q

what are the 4 subtalar joint ligaments?

A

interossesous talocalcaneal
lateral talocalcaneal
ligamentum cervicis
posterior talocalcaneal

90
Q

what is the interossesous talocalcaneal ligament a check rein to?

A

limits eversion

91
Q

what is the lateral talocalcaneal ligament a check rein to?

A

limits inversion

92
Q

what is the ligamentum cervicis ligament a check rein to?

A

limits inversion

93
Q

what is the posterior talocalcaneal ligament a check rein to?

A

dorsiflexion

94
Q

the subtalar joint is a ___________ axis, ________________ motion

A

single axis triplanar motion

95
Q

what is moving on what in subtalar open chain osteokinematics?

A

calcaneus moving on talus

96
Q

in open chain subtalar supination what motions are occurring?

A

calcaneal inversion, adduction and plantarflexion

97
Q

in open chain subtalar pronation what motions are occurring?

A

calcaneal eversion, abduction and dorsiflexion

98
Q

body weight prevents the calcaneus from what motions on the talus?

A

abduction/adduction and DF/PF so the talus has to move instead

99
Q

in closed chain subtalar supination what motions are occurring?

A

calcaneal inversion, talar abduction and dorsiflexion

100
Q

in closed chain subtalar pronation what motions are occurring?

A

calcaneal eversion, talar adduction and plantarflexion

101
Q

what is the closed pack position for the subtalar joint?

A

supination

102
Q

what is the ROM for subtalar inversion and eversion?

A

inversion 20º eversion 10º

103
Q

how much talar abduction/adduction is required for gait?

104
Q

how much talar supination/pronation is required for gait?

105
Q

at the subtalar joint in closed chain at the posterior articulation what is moving on what?

A

concave talus moves on convex calcaneus

106
Q

at the subtalar joint in closed chain at the anterior and middle articulations what is moving on what?

A

convex talus moving on concave calcaneus

107
Q

how far is the subtalar joint from the longitudinal axis?

A

approx 45º

108
Q

how far is the subtalar joint from the vertical axis?

A

approx 45º

109
Q

how far is the subtalar joint from the M-L axis?

A

approx 75º

110
Q

what is the subtalar joint good at?

A

equally good at inversion/eversion and abd/add

111
Q

what is the ROM ratio at the subtalar joint?

A

4:4:1
inv/ev, abd/add, df/pf

Kines (20 decks)

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