ankle Flashcards
what are the main roles of the ankle joint?
- base of support
- supports bodyweight
- shock absorber
- propulsion to walk
what are the main bones around the ankle? what do they do?
- tibia= main bone giving structure to the lower leg
- fibula = smaller bone of the lower leg
what are the 3 sections of the foot?
- hindfoot
- midfoot
- forefoot
what is the hindfoot?
- movement occurs at subtalar joint between calcaneus and talus
- movement in three planes
what is the midfoot?
- between hind foot and fore foot
what is the forefoot?
- movement occurs at midtarsal joint, which is two joints
- allows movement in three planes
what are the two joints of midtarsal in forefoot?
- talonavicular joint
- calcaneocuboid joint
what is the talonavicular joint?
- between talus and navicular
- on medial side
what is the calcaneocuboid joint?
- between calcaneus and cuboid
- on lateral side
what do the bones around the ankle articulate with?
- talus
what are the 7 tarsal bones?
- talus
- calcaneus
- navicular
- medial cuneiform
- intermediate cuneiform
- lateral cuneiform
- cuboid
what are metatarsals?
- they line up with the toes but they’re not the toe bone
what is the 1st metatarsal called?
- hallux
what is distal to the metatarsals and how are they categorised?
- phalanges
- categorised into proximal, middle and distal
how many phalanges do the toes have?
- all have 3 phalanges
- except hallux (has 2= no middle)
what are the six main joints of the ankle?
- tibiotalar
- tarsometatarsal
- metatarsophalangeal
- proximal interphalangeal
- distal interphalangeal
- subtalar
what is the tibiotalar joint?
- main hinge joint
- allows dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
what is the tarsometatarsal joint? (TMT)
- synovial joint
- connects tarsal bones to metatarsal bones
- smooth flat surfaces so can glide across each other
- doesn’t allow much movement but is a planes joint
what is the metatarsophalangeal joint ? (MTP)
- condyloid joint
- between metatarsals and phalanges
- allows lots of movement in all directions
what are the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints? (PIP) & (DIP)
- hinge joint
- movement allowed in one plane
what is the subtalar joint?
- between talus and calcaneus
- allows inversion & eversion
what are the two main groups of ligaments in the ankle?
- lateral collateral ligaments
- medial collateral ligaments
what are lateral collateral ligaments?
- ligaments grouped together collectively that stabilise tibia, fibula and talus
what are the three lateral collateral ligaments?
- anterior talofibular ligament
- posterior talofibular ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament
what is the anterior talofibular ligament?
- connects talus to fibula at the front
- prevents anterior movement (inversion and PF resisted)
what is the posterior talofibular ligament?
- connects talus to fibula at the back
- prevents posterior movement
what is the calcaneofibular ligament ?
- connects fibula to calcaneus
what are the medial collateral ligaments?
- deltoid ligaments
- 4 ligaments that stabilise the talocrural joint
what are the 4 ligaments in medial collateral ligaments?
- anterior tibiotalar
- posterior tibiotalar
- tibiocalcaneal
- tibionavicular
what is the anterior tibiotalar ligament?
- connects talus to tibia at front/ medial side
- to control eversion
what is the posterior tibiotalar ligament?
- connects talus to tibia at the back
what is the tibiocalcaneal ligament?
- connects tibia to calcaneus
- controls abduction of the talus
what is the tibionavicular ligament?
- connects the tibia to navicular
- prevents eversion of hindfoot
what are the two other ligaments that stabilise the tibia and fibula?
- anterior tibiofibular ligament
- posterior tibiofibular ligament
where are plantarflexors found?
- posterior compartment
- attach to back of lower leg & cross over the back of the ankle joint
what are the plantarflexors of the ankle? (8)
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
- plantaris
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
- flexor digitorum longus
- flexor hallucis longus
- tibialis posterior
where does the gastrocnemius originate and connect to?
- originates at condyle of femur
- connected to calcaneus via Achilles tendon
where does the soleus originate and insert?
- originates on proximal end of tibia
- connected to posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon
where does the plantaris originate and insert?
- originates at lateral supracondylar of femur
- inserts into posterior calcaneus
where does fibularis brevis originate and insert into?
- originates at lower lateral fibula and inserts to base of 5th metatarsal
where does fibularis longus originate and insert into?
- originates on lateral fibula
- inserts into 5th metatarsal
where does flexor digitorum originate and insert?
- originates at proximal ulna and inserts onto base of distal phalanx 2-5
where does flexor hallucis longus originate and insert?
- originates at distal shaft of fibula
- inserts on plantar surface distal phalanx
where does the tibialis posterior originate and insert?
- originates at upper & proximal posterior surface of tibia and fibula
- inserts onto navicular, cuneiform bones and 2nd- 4th metatarsal
where are the dorsiflexors located?
- anterior compartment
- pass in front to lift foot up
what are the dorsiflexors? (4)
- tibialis anterior
- extensor hallucis longus
- fibularis tertius
- extensor digitorum longus
where does the tibialis anterior originate and insert?
- originates on lateral superior surface of tibia
- inserts into 1st metatarsal and medial cuneiform bone
where does the extensor digitorum longus originate and insert?
- originates at the proximal anterior shaft of fibula
- inserts into middle and distal phalanges (2nd to 5th)
where does the extensor hallucis originate and insert?
- originates at anterior surface of fibula
- inserts into base & dorsal centre of distal phalanx of big toe
where does the fibularis tertius originate and insert?
- originates at distal anterior fibula
- inserts into 5th metacarpal
what are the invertors of the foot?
- tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
what happens if tibialis anterior and posterior contract at the same time?
- medial side pulled
- inversion
what are the evertors?
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
- fibular tertius
what happens if all fibularis muscles contract?
- pulls on lateral surface
- eversion
