Animals Flashcards
What are the two divisions of Kingdom Animalia?
Vertebrates and Invertebrates
Name 6 characteristics of Kingdom Animalia
- Multicellular
- Heterotrophic (eukaryotic cells lack photosynthetic pigments)
- Nutrition by ingestion with digestion in an internal cavity
- Development of a sensory-neuromotor systems - brain and nerves
- Motility by contractile fibres - muscles
- Reproduction primarily sexual - eggs and sperm
What are vertebrates?
Animals with backbones
What are animals without backbones called?
Invertebrates
What percentage of animals are invertebrates?
95-97%
Name the 8 major phyla of invertebrates and provide examples for each.
Porifera - sponges Cnidarians - hydra, jellyfish Platyhelminthes - planarian, tapeworms Aschelminthes - round worms, important animal parasites Annelida - earthworms, leeches Mollusca - clams, snails, squid Echinoderm Arthropoda - crustaceans, insects, arachnids
What is a tissue?
Cells that function in a specialized activity
What are the 4 types of tissue found in animals?
Epithelial
Connective
Nerve
Muscle
Connective tissue can be…
Bone, cartilage, fat
Muscle tissue is…
Smooth (no control), striated (skeletal), cardiac
What is an organ?
2+ tissues which work together to perform a common task.
Eg. Heart contains all 4 types of tissues
What is an organ system?
2+ organs that perform a specific task
What are some examples of organ systems?
Nervous, digestive, excretory, immune, circulatory, muscular, skeletal, etc
What are 3 embryonic tissues and what do they do?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.
Give rise to all of the tissues, organs, and organ systems of he body
What is an ectodorm and what does it do?
An embryonic tissue, forms outer layer of skin and nervous system.
What is a mesoderm and what does it do?
An embryonic tissue, forms muscles, connective tissues, skeleton, kidneys, and circulatory and reproductive organs.
What is an endoderm and what does it do?
An embryonic tissue, forms lining of the gut, respiratory tract, and urinary bladder. Also forms glands associated with gut and respiratory tract (gastrodermis).
What is radial symmetry?
Multiplains of symmetry
What is bilateral symmetry?
Can cut through the middle, two equal halves
What is dorsal and ventral?
Dorsal - farthest from ground
Ventral - closest to ground
What is posterior and anterior?
Posterior - near rear end, behind
Anterior - near front/head, where brain development happens
What is cephalization?
Having a well-recognized anterior head with a brain and snsory receptors
What is a coelom?
Open body cavity
- enables growth, things to slide past one another
What are 4 characteristics of Phylum Porifera?
Most primitive animals
Non-motile (except larvae)
Marine/aquatic
Cellular level of organization
Porifera
Where does water flow through in Porifera (sponges)?
Flows through incurrent pores and out through osculum
Porifera
What do collar cells contain and what is its purpose?
Collar cells contain flagellum, beats to produce a current allowing water to flow through sponge.
Porifera
What is mesoglea?
Non-living jelly like material containing amoeboid like cells that engulf food. In addition they divide sex cells.
(Amoeboid like cells release water along with sperm to fertilize)
Porifera
What are spicules?
Crystals of Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3), provide support (skeleton) or can be made from spongin providing flexibility.
Porifera
What does it mean when sponges are sessile?
Food has to come to the sponge
Porifera
Are scypha (sponges) phototrophic or heterotrophic?
Heterotrophic (lack photosynthetic material)
Porifera
How do scypha/sponges obtain food?
Collar cells beat, draw water in containing small animals
Collar cells capture food by sticky substance on flagella, ingeset by endocytosis
Food passes from collar cells to other parts of sponge via amoeboid cells (mesenchyme cells)
Porifera
What does endocytosis mean?
Bring something in to engulf
Endo - bring something in
Cytosis - engulf
Porifera
Describe the sexual reproduction of scypha/sponges.
Mesoglea cells differentiate into eggs and sperm (could be the same or different individuals)
SPerm and egg unite to form flagellated larva which swims to new area; settles to form a new individual
Porifera
How do scypha/sponges reproduce asexually?
Spore formation or fragmentation to form a new individual.
Porifera
Describe the habitat of Porifera.
Mostly marine (some fresh water)
Deep coastal
Needs clean water, sensitive to pollution (clogs incurrent pores)
Porifera
What is the ecological significance of Porifera/sponges?
Bath sponge industry
Generally not food for other animals
Porifera
What are some characteristics of Cnidarians?
10,000 species Radial symmetry Contains Nematocysts (stinging cells) 2 forms: - Free swimming - Medusa - Stationary (Sessile) - Polyn Nervous System, Muscular Fibres Gastrovascular Cavity - Open gut (bag within bag) Body wall has 3 distinct layers Tissue Level of organization Do not contain excretory system Do have nerve system - called a nerve net
Cnidarians
Where do Cnidarians reside?
Marine coastal waters, some fresh
Cnidarians
Describe the methods of nutrition by Polyn/Sessile Cnidarians.
Waits for food to pass by, as food brushes by tentacles nematocyst fired (touch)
Nematocyst contains poison, causes paralysis
Tentacles wrap around food drawing it into mouth
Cnidarians
Describe the means of nutrition by Medusa Cnidarians.
Actively capture prey
Same processes as Polyp
- Food brushes by tentacles, nematocyst fired (contains poison causing paralysis), tentacles wrap around food, draw into mouth
Cnidarians
How could poly forms of Cnidarians photosynthesize?
Contain zooanthellae (green algae) in the body wall, produce sugar and O2
- Symbiotic relationship with Cnidarian
This is rare
Cnidarians
How does digestion occur for Cnidarians?
In gastrovascular cavity by secretion of enzymes by gland cells, food engulfed by pseudopods
Food eliminated through mouth by currents set up flagellated cells in gastrovascular cavity
Cnidarians
Describe the respiration and excretion of Cnidarians.
Occurs by diffusion across cell walls
Cnidarians
Describe both asexual and sexual reproduction for Cnidarians
Asexual
- budding or fragmentation
Sexual:
- release of eggs and sperm into water by separate sexes
- hermaphrodite: both eggs and sperm on same individual (cross fertilization)
Cnidarians
What are some characteristics of Platyhelminthes?
Bilateral symmetry Dorsal-Ventral flattened Cephalization (brain formation) No body Cavity - three cell layers Gastrovascular cavity Protonephridia - "protokidneys" Hermaphroditic - animals have both male and female sex organs Mostly aquatic - bottom dwellers
Platyhelminthes
Describe the nutrition of Planaria
Actively pursue prey, eye can detect light
Extension of pharynx
Feed on small live or larger dead
No digestion in gastrovascular cavity, food taken up by epithelial cells
Platyhelminthes
Describe the nutrition of tapeworms.
Feed by diffusion
Food broken down by host
Platyhelminthes
What is the tapeworm life cycle?
- In human intestine/host
- Gravid proglottids pass out with feces
- Eggs in food eaten by hog/intermediate host
- Larvae burrown onto blood or lymph vessels and carried to muscle
- Hog muscle to Cysticercus (bladder worm) to host
Platyhelminthes
Describe the nervous system of Platyhelminthes.
Central nervous system with cephalization (free living forms)
Ladder type nervous system (Planaria)
Platyhelminthes
Describe the Fluke Life Cycle (disease).
- In primary host’s liver
- Fertile eggs shed in feces
- Larva penetrates intermediate host
- Escapes into water
- Encysts on grass eaten by host
Platyhelminthes
What are some characteristics of Aschelminthes (Nematoda) Roundworms
Bilateral symmetry Cylinder shape "Tube within Tube" Cephalization Mouth is anterior Anus is posterior No respiration or circulation systems Contains pseudocoelom false body cavity (not lined with mesoderm)
Aschelminthes
What are key parts of a cross section of a female Ascaris?
Cuticle (outside layer) Uterus (big circle inside) Oviduct (one of the circles nearer edges) Pseudocoel (clear stuff) Ovary (Circle with stuff on inside) Muscle cells (line outside) Intestine (Mouth below uterus)
Aschelminthes
What do aschelminthes eat?
Parasites
Aschelminthes
How do roundworms (Aschelminthes) obtain food?
Suck food in through the mouth via contraction of pharynx
May or may not contain digestive enzymes (depends on where they live)
- Parasitic, range of enzymes small
Aschelminthes
What is the advantage of a separate anus/open body cavity?
Do not get mixing of food Continuous eating Movement - can slide past/bend Protection Space for organ systems to develop
Aschelminthes
What are 3 types of roundworms that can cause diseases?
Ascaris
Trichina Worm
Hookworm
Aschelminthes
What do Ascaris do?
Ingegsted, burrow through intestine into blood system => lungs => mouth => stomach
Female lays 200,000 eggs daily
Aschelminthes
What do Trichina Worms do?
Comes from eating uncooked pork
Worm burrows into muscle forming a cyst
Burrowing can cause damage
Aschelminthes
What do hookworms do?
Ingested, burrow through intestine into blood system => lungs => mouth => stomach
In depth describe the life cycle of Ascaris.
- Adult worms live in lumen of small intestine, females produce 240,000 eggs/day , passed with feces
- Fertile eggs embryonate, become infective after 18 days to several weeks
- Depending on environmental conditions (optimum: warm, moist, shaded soil), after infective eggs swallowed
- Larvae hatch
- Invades intestinal mucosa, carried via portal, systemic circulation to lungs.
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