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Animal transport Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

describe the formation of tissue fluid

A

arterial end = hydrostatic pressure > oncotic pressure
so fluid + water is forced out of capillaries
plasma proteins are too large so remain in blood

venule end = oncotic>hydrostatic
fluid movies into capillaries + water re-enters

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2
Q

describe process of CO2 transport

A
  • CO2 reacts with water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) = catalysed by CARBONIC ANYDRASE
  • h2co3 dissociates inot H+ and HCO3-
  • hco3- diffuses out of cell and leaves behind H+
  • cl- ions enetr to balance out charge of H+ ions = chloride shift
  • Hameoglobin ( acts as a buffer ) aborbs h+ ions to form haemoglobinic acid (HHb)
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3
Q

Why do Multicellular organisms needs transport systems ?

A
  • big so they have a small SA: vol ratio
  • so diffusion distance is too long
  • high metabolic rate
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4
Q

What is a single circulatory system + give example of one ?

A
  • blood gets pumped around heart once for each circuit of the body
    eg. fish
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5
Q

What is a double circulatory system ?

A
  • blood pumped around heart twice for every complete circuit of the body
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6
Q

what is open vs closed circulatory system ?

A

closed = blood enclosed in vessels at all times

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7
Q

what is the pulmonary circulation ?

A

blood sent to lungs to pick up oxygen

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8
Q

what is systemic circulation ?

A

blood sent to rest of body

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9
Q

does systemic or pulmonary circulation carry blood at a higher pressure ?

A

systemic because if blood pressure is too high in the pulmonary it may damage capillaries in the lung

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10
Q

what is the function of an artery ?

A

carry oxy blood away from the heart under high pressure

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11
Q

Structure of an artery ? (elastic , collagen, smooth muscle )

A
  • thicker elastic layer = allows wall to stretch + recoil + help maintain blood pressure
  • smooth muscle = contracts + relaxes to, change the size of the lumen + provides strength to withstand pressure
  • collagen = provides support
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12
Q

what is the function of a vein ?

A

carry deoxy blood into heart at low pressure

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13
Q

structure of a vein ?

A
  • thin elastic layer in walls = no need to stretch + recoil
  • valves to prevent backflow of blood
  • More collagen than arteries to give structural support as they carry large volumes of blood.
  • larger lumen than arteries
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14
Q

function of capillaries ?

A

allow diffusion of substances

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15
Q

structure of capillaries

A
  • walls are one endothelial cell thick = provides short diffusion distance
  • narrow lumen with a simm diameter to rbc = to allow red blood cells to travel through in single file
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16
Q

Outline how the difference in lumen size between arteries and veins is related to their function

A
  • arteries have small lumen = to maintain high pressure
  • veins = low pressure + low friction
17
Q

what is systole

A
  • heart contracts + SLV open (AV closed)
18
Q

what do right + left side of the heart do ?

A
  • right side pumps deoxy blood to lungs
  • left side pumps oxy blood to rest of body
19
Q

what happens to volume of blood during systole (contraction)

A
  • decreased vol = inc pressure
20
Q

Events of Cardiac cycle

A

atrial systole = atria contact + inc pressure AV valves open so blood enters ventricles

ventricular systole = vp>ap so AV valve shuts to prevent backflow , inc pressure in ventricles
vp> aop SLV opens so blood enters aorta
aop> vp SLV shuts to prevent backflow into ventricles

start of diastole = ap>vp so AV valves open

21
Q

where is SAN located ?

A

walls of right atrium

22
Q

Initiation of heart beat

A
  • SAN initiates wave of depolarisation
  • waves of electrical excitation spread to atria + causes them to contract
  • non conducting collagen tissue prevents waves of electrical activity being passed to ventricle
  • depolarisation passed from SAN to AVN
  • AVN passes waves of excitation to bundle of His after a short DELAY
  • goes from bundle of his to purkyne fibres
  • initiate the depolarization of the ventricles from the apex (bottom) of the heart
  • venticles contract
23
Q

why is there a short delay when passing waves of electrical excitation from AVN to bundle of His ?

A
  • to make sure ventricles have contracted after atria have emptied
24
Q

where are purkyne fibres located ?

A

ventricular walls

25
Q

where is bundle of His located ?

A

in septum

26
Q

what does p wave show ?

A

atrial contraction

27
Q

what causes the QRS wave ?

A

ventricular contraction

28
Q

what does t wave show ?

A

ventricular diastole (relaxing)

29
Q

how do you calculate no. of heart beats per minute ?

A
  • measure time from one p wave to next
    do 60 / time
30
Q

what are adaptations of erythrocytes ?

A
  1. biconcave shape = large SA: vol ratio
  2. no nucleus = more space to carry haemoglobin
31
Q

Describe oxygen dissociation curve for haemoglobin ?

A
  • s-shaped
  • when Hb combines with first O2 molecules it alters - quaternary structure of haemoglobin so more can bind
  • Hb has a high affinity for O2 when pO2 is high
32
Q

what effect does CO2 have on O2 dissociation curve + what is Bohr effect ?

A

curve shifts to the RIGHT = high pCO2 causes Hb’s affinity for O2 to decrease

33
Q

fetal haemoglobin

A

fetal Hb HAS A HIGHER affinity for O2 than adult Hb
curve shift to LEFT

34
Q

Describe the chloride shift ?

A
  • when H2co3 dissociated hco3- leaves rbc but H+ remain
    Cl - diffuses in to balance the charge of rbc
35
Q

Explain how haemoglobin acts as a buffer ?

A
  • H+ + Hb ——> HHb haemoglobinic acid
    H+ ions may cause ph to fall + cell to become acidic so Hb binds to H+ ions
36
Q

Compare and contrast the circulatory systems of mammals and fish (6)

A

both closed
both have hearts
both have capillaries

mammals double vs fish = single
mammals blood passes through 1 set of capillaries before returning back to heart vs fish = passes 2 sets of capillaries
mammals high pressure vs fish = blood at low pressure
mammals = higher metabolic rate + need to maintain body temp

37
Q

Explain why the oncotic pressure of the blood depends only on the concentration of large plasma proteins (2)

A

large plasma proteins cannot pass out through capillary wall
imbalance of large plasma proteins between blood and tissue
fluid results in oncotic pressure

38
Q

Suggest why reduced heart rate is sometimes seen in people who are very aerobically fit. (2)

A

increased stroke volume + increased , thickness / strength ,
of heart muscle ✓

Bio (24 decks)

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