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AQA Trilogy Science B1 > Animal tissues, organs and organ systems > Flashcards

Animal tissues, organs and organ systems Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a cell? Give 2 examples.

A

They are the basic building blocks of all living organisms

eg nerve cell, muscle cell, skin cell

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2
Q

What is an organ? Give 2 examples.

A

A groups of tissues with a specific function.

Eg Liver, heart, kidney

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3
Q

What is a tissue? Give 2 examples.

A

A group of cells with similar structure and function.

Eg nerve tissue, skin

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4
Q

What is an organ system?

A

The organs are organised into an organ system

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5
Q

What is an organism?

A

A collection of organ systems.

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6
Q

What is digestion?

A

Breaking down food into small soluble pieces which can be used by the body’s cells.

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7
Q

Describe the parts of the digestive system?

A
  1. Salivary glands - produce saliva which starts digesting carbohydrates and lubricates the food so it can travel easily
  2. Oesophagus - Tube joining the mouth to the stomach
  3. Stomach- organ which produces acid to give proteases the right pH for digesting proteins. The acid also helps protect against pathogens in the food.
  4. Gall bladder- stores bile which helps break down fats
  5. Liver- produces bile which helps break down fats
  6. Pancreas- organ which produces the enzymes for digestion, carbohydrase, protease and lipases.
  7. Small intestine - about 7m long and covered in villi to increase it’s surface area it absorbs the products of digestion
  8. Large intestine- shorter but wider than the small intestine water and salts are reabsorbed here
  9. Anus - opening at the end of the system through which waste passes, defecation
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8
Q

Describe peristalsis?

A

Happens in the oesophagus and small intestine, it is the contraction of the smooth muscles which squash the boluses of food and push them along the tubes.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of villi and explain their function?

A
  1. Tiny microscopic finger like projections which are in the lining of the small intestine.
  2. There are about 4000 villi in a square cm of the small intestine.
  3. They contain capillaries which transport the digested food molecules in the blood.
  4. They increase the surface area of the small intestine so that more digested food can be absorbed into the blood.
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10
Q

What is amylase?

A

It is the enzyme produced by the salivary glands and it breaks down starch into glucose. therefore it is one of the carbohydratase enzymes.

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11
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

A biological molecule which helps a chemical reaction take place, either digesting or synthesising . It is a catalyst so doesn’t take place in the reaction. Enzymes are specific to the type of food (substrate) they break down. Their name always ends in ase.

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12
Q

Identify the groups of digestive enzymes and explain the substrates they work on and the resulting products.

A
  1. Carbohydrase- carbohydrates–> sugars (glucose and fructose)
  2. Protease - proteins–> amino acids
  3. Lipase - oils and fats –> fatty acids (3 molecules) and glycerol (1 molecule)
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13
Q

Identify the digestive enzymes and where each is produced

A
  1. Salivary amylase is produced in the mouth by the salivary glands and breaks down starch into sugars
  2. Protease enzymes are produced by the stomach lining and the pancreas and break down proteins into amino acids.
  3. Carbohydrase enzymes are produces in the mouth and the pancreas and break down carbohydrates into sugars
  4. Lipase enzymes are produced in the pancreas and break down fats
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14
Q

Describe how digestive enzymes use the lock and key hypothesis

A
  1. Digestive enzymes are specific to the substrate they work on because they have a specific shape
  2. Each enzyme has a part called it’s active site which is the right shape for the substrate this is like a lock.
  3. The substrate fits into the active site like a key.
  4. The enzyme breaks down the bonds in the substrate which hold it together.
  5. When the bonds are broken the enzyme lets the substrate go.
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15
Q

What is synthesis? Give an example

A

Enzymes help to build complex molecules from the simpler food substance molecules.
Eg. Proteins are created by synthesising amino acids
Fats from fatty acid and glycerol
Carbohydrates from sugars

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16
Q

What does denaturing of enzymes mean

A

All enzymes work best at a specific pH and temperature and if it is not right will slow down. Denaturing is when an enzyme has been damaged and will not work any more. The shape has changed so that the key will no longer fit in the lock.

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17
Q

Explain the use of bile in digestion

A
  1. Bile is produced by the liver
  2. It is stored in the gall bladder.
  3. It emulsifies fat- breaking it down into small droplets to increase it’s surface area allowing it to be digested by lipases.
  4. It is alkaline and neutralises the hydrochloric acid entering the small intestine from the stomach.
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18
Q

What is the function of the heart?

A

It pumps blood to the lungs and around the body.

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19
Q

Identify the chambers of the heart and describe their function

A
  1. right atrium collects blood from the body
    2 left atrium collects blood from the lungs
  2. right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
  3. left ventricle pumps blood to the body
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20
Q

What are valves? Identify two parts of the cardiovascular system which contain valves.

A
  1. Structures which allow blood to only pass in one direction
  2. The heart and the veins
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21
Q

What type of muscle is the heart made of?

A

Cardiac muscle

22
Q

What controls the nerve impulse to the heart muscle

A

The pacemaker

23
Q

The vascular system consists of 3 types of vessels. Identify each one and relate their structure to their function.

A
  1. Arteries- carry blood away from the heart, therefore they are large and need thick muscular walls due to having higher blood pressure.
  2. Veins- carry blood towards the heart, they have thinner walls because of lower blood pressure but contain valves to stop the blood flowing backwards
  3. Capillaries- are only one cell thick to enable substances to pass in and out of the blood by diffusion
24
Q

What is tissue fluid?

A

The liquid that bathes the cells in the tissues, it is formed from plasma the liquid part of blood which diffues through the cell walls.

25
Q

What is blood plasma?

A

The straw coloured liquid part of the blood which carries blood cells and dissolved substances. It is 92% water and makes up 55% of the blood. Many substances such as glucose and CO2 are dissolved in the plasma.

26
Q

What are the components of blood?

A
  1. Blood plasma
  2. Red blood cells
  3. White blood cells- phagocytes and lymphocytes
  4. Platelets, small substances which help blood to clot
27
Q

Describe the structure and function of red blood cells.

A
  1. They are biconcave which gives a large surface area for the absorption of oxygen
  2. They contain haemoglobin which combines with oxygen in the lungs to make oxyhaemoglobin and releases it for the cells to use to make energy.
  3. They don’t have a nucleus which makes more room for haemoglobin.
  4. They are produced in the bone marrow of long bones like the femour.
28
Q

Identify the two types of white blood cells and describe how they are adapted to their function.

A
  1. Phagocytes- they engulf pathogens and use enzymes to destroy them- like pac man!
  2. Lymphocytes- these white blood cells produce antibodies which clump pathogens together ready for the phagocytes
29
Q

What is an antigen?

A

It is a marker on a pathogen which is recognised by an antibody. The antibody then clumps the pathogens together making them easier to destroy

30
Q

What is an antibody?

A

It is a protein which is produced by lymphocytes, they can recognise specific pathogens and clumps them together making them easier to destroy

31
Q

What are platelets?

A

Miniscule cell fragments which cause blood to clot when you cut yourself.
They release clotting factors when a cut is made.
The clotting factors turn the fibrinogen in your blood plasma into fibrin.
The fibrin forms a mesh and the platelets stick to it to form a scab sealing the wound.

32
Q

What is haemoglobin and where is it found.

A

In the red blood cells it combines with o2 to make oxyhaemoglobin and carries the o2 from the lungs to the cells which need it.

33
Q

Where in the body are the coronary arteries?

A

The coronary arteries are around the heart and supply the cardiac muscle with blood so that it can contract.

34
Q

What is meant by the term non communicable disease?

A

A disease which cannot be passed on to another person.

35
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

When fatty tissues build up in the coronary arteries narrowing them and reducing the flow of blood. The heart muscles do not receive enough o2 and start to die which leads to a heart attack.

36
Q

What lifestyle changes can help prevent coronary heart disease?

A
  1. Eating a balanced diet
  2. Not smoking
  3. Taking regular exercise
  4. Not drinking too much alcohol
  5. Maintaining a healthy weight.
37
Q

Identify 3 treatments to help coronary heart disease

A
  1. Bypass operation, replaces the damaged coronary artery with one from another part of the body
  2. Stents- a medical device made of mesh which opens the artery
  3. Statins- drugs which reduce blood cholesterol.
38
Q

What is a pacemaker?

A

A bundle of cells in the lining of the right atrium which control the heart beat by sending nerve impulses to the heart muscle. These can sometimes develop problems and some people are fitted with artificial ones.

39
Q

What does the term good health mean?

A

A state of physical and mental wellbeing

40
Q

What are the components of food?

A
  1. Fats
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Protein
  4. Vitamins
  5. Minerals
  6. Water
  7. Fibre
41
Q

What is recommended as a balanced diet?

A
  1. 5-7 portions of fruit and vegetables per day
  2. Low in sugar
  3. Low in salt
  4. High in fibre
  5. At least 2l of water per day
  6. Dairy products for calcium
  7. Not too high in fat especially saturated animal fat no more than 30%
  8. 20% protein for healthy muscles
42
Q

What is stress?

A

A feeling of being under mental or emotional pressure.
It can affect behaviour and sleep.
It can cause anxiety where a person feels worried or fearful.

43
Q

What is depression?

A

A mental illness which can make people feel very sad or hopeless. Severe depression can lead to suicidal feelings. It can also affect your physical health

44
Q

How is a tumour formed?

A

Cells divide rapidly and uncontrollably by mitosis causing a lump called a tumour

45
Q

Identify two different types of tumour

A
  1. Benign- non cancerous tumour which does not spread around the body.
  2. Malignant- cancerous tumour which divides rapidly and can spread around the body. They can cause secondary tumours which is called metastasis. Quick medical treatment is needed to stop the cancer from spreading.
46
Q

Identify some of the signs of cancer

A
  1. Lump formed on the body
  2. Long term cough
  3. Loss of weight for no apparant reason
  4. Unexplained bleeding
47
Q

Identify some of the causes of cancer

A
  1. Smoking
  2. Environmental pollutants (carcinogens)
    3 Alcohol abuse
  3. Genetic disorders
  4. Radiation- from the sun or other sources
  5. Obesity
  6. Age
48
Q

What are the most common cancers in the UK?

A
  1. Breast
  2. Lung
  3. Bowel
  4. Prostate (men)
49
Q

Identify the most common cancer treatments

A
  1. Chemotherapy- powerful drugs are used to kill the cancer cells
  2. Radiotherapy- using x rays to kill the cancer cells
    Both of these treatments can also destroy the cells around the tumor as they cannot differentiate between the tumor and healthy tissues.
50
Q

What is a risk factor? give a couple of examples.

A

A risk factor is any lifestyle choice or substance which increases the risk of disease
eg smoking
unhealthy diet
environmental pollutants

51
Q

What is the difference between causation and correlation?

A

Causation is something which is proved to cause disease eg smoking causes lung cancer. Correlation is when there is a greater chance of something happening eg the link between poor diet and heart disease

52
Q

Name two organs which are likely to be damaged by long term alcohol abuse.

A
  1. Liver

2. Brain

AQA Trilogy Science B1 (8 decks)

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