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SL12002 Cell Biology > Animal tissues and development > Flashcards

Animal tissues and development Flashcards

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1
Q

What kind of egg was used to make Dolly the sheep?

A

An unfertilised one

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2
Q

How was genetic material removed from the unfertilised egg?

A

The pronucleus was removed from the unfertilised egg

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3
Q

How was the pronucleus removed from the unfertilised egg?

A

It was sucked out using a micropipette

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4
Q

What kind of specialised cells were cultured when Dolly the sheep was cloned?

A

Udder cells

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5
Q

What was removed from the udder cell and moved into the oocyte?

A

The nucleus

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6
Q

How was the nucleus removed from the udder cell?

A

An electrical current was passed through it

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7
Q

What was the purpose of passing an electrical current through the udder cell?

A

It changed the permeability of the cell

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8
Q

What happened to the oocyte-udder hybrid when after it divided and reached blastocyst stage?

A

It was reimplanted into a sheep

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9
Q

Was a lamb born from the oocyte-udder hybrid?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What was proved as a result of the cloning of an animal from the DNA of an udder cell?

A

DNA was not lost during development (of the udder cell) as a whole animal developed from its DNA

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11
Q

What variables are taken into consideration when choosing an animal model?

A

Maintenance costs, ease of breeding, general costs, experimental advantages, genome sequence, ethical considerations and animal license

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12
Q

What are animal models used for?

A

Studying things

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13
Q

What are the two sides of a frog egg called?

A

Light side and dark side

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14
Q

What is the vegetal pole?

A

The side with the yolk

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15
Q

What is the animal pole?

A

The side where fertilisation occurs

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16
Q

Which side is the vegetal pole (light/dark)?

A

Light side

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17
Q

Which side is the animal pole (light or dark)?

A

Dark side

18
Q

What triggers cell division in oocytes?

A

fertilisation

19
Q

What happens as a result of cell division?

A

cleavage

20
Q

What do the initial dell divisions occur without?

A

An increase in the size of the blastula

21
Q

How do the first two cleavages occur in relation to each other in radical cleavage?

A

At right angles to each other

22
Q

How does a radical cleavage appear from a birds eye view of the cell?

A

A cross (+)

23
Q

What happens after the first two cleavages in radical cleavage?

A

A third cleavage, perpendicular to the first two

24
Q

What is specific about the third cleavage?

A

It is slightly displaced towards the animal pole

25
Q

How many blastomeres do you end up with after radical cleavage?

A

8

26
Q

What are cleavage events driven by?

A

mRNA in the egg

27
Q

Why are early frog cell divisions rapid?

A

There are no gap phases

28
Q

What is the grey cresent?

A

Grey bit between the vegetal region and the animal pole

29
Q

Why is the grey crescent significant?

A

It is the position which starts the first movements of the embryo

30
Q

What is gastrulation?

A

first movements of the embryo

31
Q

Where does sperm enter the egg?

A

Animal pole

32
Q

What happens to the cytoplasm on the cortical edge when a sperm enters the cell

A

It rotates slightly

33
Q

What is cortical rotation?

A

The rotation of the cortical edge of the egg

34
Q

What does cortical rotation result in?

A

Grey egg formation

35
Q

What is the degree of rotation for cortical rotation?

A

30 degrees

36
Q

What are the different types of cell in the multi-layered embryo called?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

37
Q

WHat is the blastula cavity called?

A

blastoceal

38
Q

What is the area where the cells first move into the embryo?

A

dorsal lip

39
Q

What forms at the dorsal lip?

A

The blastopore

40
Q

What is the second cavity that forms in the blastula?

A

anchenteron

41
Q

What is the anchenteron?

A

The primitive gut

42
Q
A

SL12002 Cell Biology (14 decks)

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