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Biology > Animal Senses > Flashcards

Animal Senses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What do the ears do?

A
  • Detect sound waves(stimulus)
    -sounds= high frequency vibrations
    Humans; 20- 20,000 hertz
  • used for balance
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2
Q

What is the pinna? (Outer ear)

A

-outside structure
- cartilage
- funnel- gathers and focuses sound
- can move in some animals

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3
Q

What is the Auditory Meatus(ear canal)? (Outer ear)

A

Passage that leads to ear drum

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4
Q

What does the tympanic membrane( ear drum) do? ( middle ear)

A
  • 3 layers
  • converts sound waves to vibrations
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5
Q

What are the three ossicles? ( middle ear)

A
  • Malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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6
Q

What do the ossicles do? ( middle ear)

A
  • vibrate in response to sound
  • concentrate vibrations
  • sound into mechanical energy
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7
Q

What does the oval window do? (Middle ear)

A
  • membrane covered opening
  • vibrate in response to ossicles
  • vibrations to inner ear
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8
Q

What is the Eustachian tube? ( middle ear)

A
  • Air filled cavity
  • connected to throat
  • opens when swallowing
  • allows air into middle ear
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9
Q

What is the structure of the cochlea? (Inner ear)

A
  • spiral tube
  • fluid and hair cells- sensitive to vibrations
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10
Q

What does the organ of corti do?( inner ear)

A
  • turns vibrations into electrical signals
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11
Q

What does the semi- circular canals? (Inner ear)

A

balance and directional info

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12
Q

What does the cochlear nerve do? ( inner ear)

A
  • vibrations from cochlea to brain as electrical impulses
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13
Q

Difference in ear structures that help animals hear different sound waves?

A

Size;
Large pinna captures more vibrations
Thickness of eardrum;
Thin= heat at high frequencies
Size of middle ear bones;
Heavy= low frequencies
Light= high frequencies

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14
Q

What is the difference between predator vs prey ears?

A

Predator;
Ears point forward- helps when pursuing prey
Prey;
Large ears that swivel- listen to sounds from all directions

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15
Q

What is the nose used for?

A
  • to see if the food is edible
  • territory
  • reproduction/ pheromones
  • danger
  • also a role in sense of taste
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16
Q

Structure of nasal chamber? (Nasal chamber)

A
  • olfactory epithelium
  • mucous membranes
  • olfactory nerve
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17
Q

Structure of turbinate bones? ( nasal cavity)

A
  • narrow passageways
  • warm/ humidify
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18
Q

Structure of the olfactory bulb? ( nasal cavity)

A
  • forebrain
  • interprets olfactory stimuli
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19
Q

What does the hard palate do?

A

Separates oral and nasal cavity

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20
Q

What does the soft palate do?

A

Closes nasal passage when swallowing and sneezing

21
Q

What does the mouth do ?

A
  • allows ingestion of nutritious food
  • taste receptors detect different chemicals( stimulus)
  • main structure in mouth: tongue
22
Q

What is the tongue structure?

A
  • detects flavour chemicals(stimulus)
  • papillae on surface
  • taste buds= taste receptors
  • taste pore= exposes receptor cells
  • Taste receptors cell= create chemical signals sent to brain
23
Q

What is the different components on the skin?

A

Epidermis- waterproof/ protective barrier, regenerates
Dermis- structure/ support/ flexibility, skin receptors
Subcutaneous- insulation, connects skin to muscles/ bones

24
Q

What are skin receptors?

A
  • millions of touch receptors
  • Different function’s
  • send signals along nerve cells
  • message sent to brain
25
Q

Why is touch important?

A
  • know where something has touched/ where is painful
  • Allows to feel size, shape and texture of objects
  • motor skills
  • know if something is hot or cold
  • proximity of food, predators and environmental features
  • social context- grooming
26
Q

What is the structure of lateral lines?

A
  • in fish
    -Detects movement, vibrations and changes in pressure
  • navigate surroundings
  • neuromasts- hair cell structure
  • lateral line canal- channel that contains neuromasts
27
Q

What do lateral lines do?

A
  • navigate;
    Avoid obstacles
    Move in dark conditions
  • adapt to water currents
  • locate prey
  • moving in schools
28
Q

What is the vomeronasal/ Jacobsons’ s organ

A
  • organ in olfactory system
  • Amphibians, reptiles and mammals
  • connected too on mouth and/ or nasal passages
  • moisture-borne odour particles
  • intraspecific chemical communication
  • pheromones
29
Q

What happens in the flehmen response in horses?

A
  • curls upper lip
  • inhales (nostrils closed)
  • Transfers pheromones to JO
30
Q

What happens in the flehmen response in cats?

A
  • opens mouth and sticks tongue out
  • air passes over tongue
  • touch to JO to deposit pheromones
31
Q

What is the function and structure of whiskers/ vibrissae?

A
  • sensitive to touch
  • each is connected to follicle that contains thousands of neuron’s
  • navigate environment
  • detect approaching danger
    Seal:
  • hunt effectively in poor visual conditions
32
Q

What is the structure and function Ampullae of Lorenzini?

A
  • Electroreceptors
  • sharks and rays
  • pores on face
  • lead to gel filled chamber
  • detect electrical impulses from other organisms
  • work at close range
  • find prey
  • compass
33
Q

What is the function of echolocation?

A
  • determine location of objects using sound
  • low visual environments
  • bats, whales, dolphins and some birds
34
Q

How do dolphins use sound to communicate?

A
  • high pitched clicking sounds
  • squeeze air through nasal passages
  • return as echoes
  • lower jaw and passed to ears
  • distance, direction, speed, density and size
35
Q

How do bats use sound frequencies?

A
  • created in larynx and emitted through mouth
  • detect insects up to 5 m away
  • produces echoes
  • bounce off object and return to ears
  • turn off middle ear before calling
36
Q

What is the difference between prey and predator eyes?

A

Predator:
- Vertical pupil/ dot
- Positioned in front of head
- Focus on prey for ambushing
Prey:
- horizontal pupil
- positioned on the side of the head
- panoramic view to spot predators

37
Q

What do the eyes do?

A
  • detects and focuses light (stimulus)
  • Mammals- complex, specialised visual systems
38
Q

Structure of the cornea?

A
  • transparent tissue
  • focuses light
  • protective layer
39
Q

Structure of iris?

A
  • sphincter
  • controls size of pupil
40
Q

Structure of sclera?

A
  • Tough connective tissue layer
41
Q

Structure of pupil?

A
  • Allows light in
  • small on bright, large in low
42
Q

Structure of lens?

A
  • elastic capsule filled with proteins and water
  • focuses light onto retina
43
Q

Structure of ciliary body?

A
  • controls shape of lens
  • allows focus
44
Q

Structure of retina?

A
  • light sensitive tissue
  • rod and cone cells
  • light into electrical impulses
45
Q

Structure of fovea?

A
  • region on retina
  • high density of cone cells
  • sharp central vision
46
Q

Structure of choroid?

A
  • middle layer of tissue
  • blood vessels
  • supplies oxygen and nutrients
47
Q

Structure of optic disc?

A
  • blind spot
  • point of exit for neuron’s
48
Q

Structure of optic nerve?

A
  • bundle of fibres
  • carries electrical impulses to Brain
49
Q

Structure of Lateral rectus muscles?

A

Lateral movement of eyeball

Biology (8 decks)

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