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Biology- module 5 > animal responses > Flashcards

animal responses Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

3 types of muscle

A

cardiac
smooth (involuntary)
skeletal

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2
Q

what is cardiac muscle

A

specialised exitatory and conductive muscle fibres

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3
Q

where is cardiac muscle only found

A

heart

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4
Q

where is smooth muscle found

A

internal organs and vessels

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5
Q

arrangement of smooth muscle

A

irregular

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6
Q

speed of contraction of SM

A

slow

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7
Q

shape of SM

A

spindle shaped

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8
Q

describe the nuclei of SM

A

uni-nucleated

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9
Q

sarcoplasm

A

muscle cytoplasm

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10
Q

sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle cell

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11
Q

what is skeletal muscle responsible for

A

movement

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12
Q

myogenic

A

contracts without an action potential

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13
Q

troponin

A

protein attaches actin filaments to tropomyosin and also binds to Ca2+ ions

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14
Q

muscle fibres

A

specialised cells containing many nuclei

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15
Q

what is a muscle fibre made of

A

thousands of muscle fibres

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16
Q

tropomyosin

A

fibrous protein that wraps around actin

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17
Q

sacromere

A

region bw 1 Z band to the next of a myofibril

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18
Q

unit of contraction of a muscle

A

sarcomere

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19
Q

M line

A

perpendicular to myosin filaments where these filaments join up

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20
Q

myosin

A

fibrous protein that thick filaments are made of-

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21
Q

what forms dark A bands

A

myosin

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22
Q

myofibrils

A

regularly arranged small tubular structures in the s.plasm of the m.fibre

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23
Q

appearance of myofibrils under microscope

A

striped

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24
Q

sources of ATP

A

creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration

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25
Q

where is creatine phosphate stored

A

in muscle

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26
Q

Z line

A

perpendicular to actin filaments where these filaments join up

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27
Q

H zone/ band

A

only thick filaments- the darkest parts where where the parallel A and I bands overlap

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28
Q

sacroplasmic reticulum

A

specialised endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fibre, containing high conc of Ca2+ ions

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29
Q

actin

A

globular protein that thin filament are made of

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30
Q

what forms the I band

A

actin

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31
Q

what is the joining part of cardiac cells called

A

intercalated discs

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32
Q

do cardiac muscle fatigue

A

no

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33
Q

what do gap junctions do in cardiac muscle

A

allow impulses to spread quickly bc ions pass

34
Q

why is there so much cardiac muscle

A

to provide ATP for respiration

35
Q

which organelles are packed into cardiac cells

A

mitochondria and myoglobin- unload any oxygen to muscle cells

36
Q

what form do muscle cells take- shape

A

branched

37
Q

is cardiac muscle striated

A

yes

38
Q

are cardiac cells involuntary

A

yes

39
Q

is smooth muscle involuntary

A

yes

40
Q

which part of the PNS innervates SM

A

autonomic

41
Q

is SM striated

A

no

42
Q

is skeletal muscle involuntary

A

no

43
Q

is skeletal muscle striated

A

yes

44
Q

what is bigger myofibril/ muscle fibre

A

muscle fibre

45
Q

does skeletal muscle fatigue

A

yes

46
Q

nuclei of skeletal muscle

A

multinucleated

47
Q

which muscle is striated and stimulated by conscious, vol control

A

skeletal

48
Q

how many muscle fibres in a muscle

A

thousands

49
Q

what attaches muscle to bone

A

tendon

50
Q

are the mitochondria inside the myofibrils

A

no

51
Q

can you see filaments with a light microscope

A

no

52
Q

which filament has heads on it

A

myosin

53
Q

where are myosin tails arranged to point towards

A

the centre of the sarcomere

54
Q

where do the myosin heads point towards/away

A

the sides of the myofilament band, away from M line

55
Q

role of tropomyosin

A

reinforce the structure of actin

56
Q

what can’t adrenaline pass through cell membranes

A

it is hydrophobic therefore

57
Q

why is adrenaline described as a hormone

A

chemical messenger binds to the receptors on the surface of hepatocyte
triggering a chain reaction inside the hepatocyte

58
Q

what is activated when adrenaline binds to the receptor

A

adenylyl cyclase

59
Q

describe the action of adrenaline

A

app rec site
fuses to rec site activating adenylyl cyclase enz
enz conv ATP to cyclic AMP, which acts as a 2nd mess that actvates other enz tht in turn onv glycogen into glucose

60
Q

main function of adrenaline during fof

A

trigger hepatocytes to undergo glycogenolysis to that glucose is released into the blood stream

61
Q

what does the releasing of glucose into the bloodstream allow

A

respiration to increase so more energy is available for muscle contraction

62
Q

how does more glucose in the blood increase respiration

A

.

63
Q

first messenger

A

a hormone that transmits a chemical signal around the body- adrenaline

64
Q

second messanger

A

transmits a chemical signal intracellularly-cyclic AMP

65
Q

suggest what happens to the polysccharides in the hepatocyte as a result of the action of adrenaline

A

glycogen broken down into glucose by hydrolysis

glycogen phosphorylase stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose

66
Q

describe and explain how the activation of the fof aff voluntary, invol and cardiac muscle

A

.

67
Q

where is adenylyl cyclase present

A

cell membrane

68
Q

what is one cardiac cycle equal to

A

one heart beat

69
Q

myogenic

A

cardiac muscle can initiate its own pacemaker, dx need NS/ES

70
Q

BLTR

A

bicuspid valve left

tricuspid valve right

71
Q

cardiac output

A

stroke volume x heart rate

72
Q

units of CO

A

cm3/min

73
Q

SV units

A

vol

74
Q

HR units

A

bpm

75
Q

stroke volume

A

vol of blood leaving left ventricle w/each beat

76
Q

centres in the medulla oblongata linked to SAN in heart by motor neurones

A

cardiovascular-acceleratory system

cardio-inhibitory system

77
Q

cardiovascular-accelatory system

A

connected by accelatory nerve through sympathetic NS

inc HR and CO

78
Q

cardio-inhibatory system

A

linked by vagus nerve, impluse though parasympathetic NS decreases HR and CO

79
Q

effects of exercise on CO (neg feedback loop)

A

inc metabolic activity, inc co2 conc bc of a.resp, dec blood pH centre in med(cas) inc freq of impulses 2 SAN via symp NS, SAN inc HR, inc blood flow removed co2 quicker, co2 conc returns to optimum

80
Q

why is it essential that HR inc

A

to prov extra ox req for inc respiration

81
Q

what is HR controlled by

A

autonomic NS

82
Q

is HR vol/invol

A

involuntary

Biology- module 5 (3 decks)

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