animal responses Flashcards
3 types of muscle
cardiac
smooth (involuntary)
skeletal
what is cardiac muscle
specialised exitatory and conductive muscle fibres
where is cardiac muscle only found
heart
where is smooth muscle found
internal organs and vessels
arrangement of smooth muscle
irregular
speed of contraction of SM
slow
shape of SM
spindle shaped
describe the nuclei of SM
uni-nucleated
sarcoplasm
muscle cytoplasm
sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle cell
what is skeletal muscle responsible for
movement
myogenic
contracts without an action potential
troponin
protein attaches actin filaments to tropomyosin and also binds to Ca2+ ions
muscle fibres
specialised cells containing many nuclei
what is a muscle fibre made of
thousands of muscle fibres
tropomyosin
fibrous protein that wraps around actin
sacromere
region bw 1 Z band to the next of a myofibril
unit of contraction of a muscle
sarcomere
M line
perpendicular to myosin filaments where these filaments join up
myosin
fibrous protein that thick filaments are made of-
what forms dark A bands
myosin
myofibrils
regularly arranged small tubular structures in the s.plasm of the m.fibre
appearance of myofibrils under microscope
striped
sources of ATP
creatine phosphate
aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration
where is creatine phosphate stored
in muscle
Z line
perpendicular to actin filaments where these filaments join up
H zone/ band
only thick filaments- the darkest parts where where the parallel A and I bands overlap
sacroplasmic reticulum
specialised endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fibre, containing high conc of Ca2+ ions
actin
globular protein that thin filament are made of
what forms the I band
actin
what is the joining part of cardiac cells called
intercalated discs
do cardiac muscle fatigue
no
what do gap junctions do in cardiac muscle
allow impulses to spread quickly bc ions pass
why is there so much cardiac muscle
to provide ATP for respiration
which organelles are packed into cardiac cells
mitochondria and myoglobin- unload any oxygen to muscle cells
what form do muscle cells take- shape
branched
is cardiac muscle striated
yes
are cardiac cells involuntary
yes
is smooth muscle involuntary
yes
which part of the PNS innervates SM
autonomic
is SM striated
no
is skeletal muscle involuntary
no
is skeletal muscle striated
yes
what is bigger myofibril/ muscle fibre
muscle fibre
does skeletal muscle fatigue
yes
nuclei of skeletal muscle
multinucleated
which muscle is striated and stimulated by conscious, vol control
skeletal
how many muscle fibres in a muscle
thousands
what attaches muscle to bone
tendon
are the mitochondria inside the myofibrils
no
can you see filaments with a light microscope
no
which filament has heads on it
myosin
where are myosin tails arranged to point towards
the centre of the sarcomere
where do the myosin heads point towards/away
the sides of the myofilament band, away from M line
role of tropomyosin
reinforce the structure of actin
what can’t adrenaline pass through cell membranes
it is hydrophobic therefore
why is adrenaline described as a hormone
chemical messenger binds to the receptors on the surface of hepatocyte
triggering a chain reaction inside the hepatocyte
what is activated when adrenaline binds to the receptor
adenylyl cyclase
describe the action of adrenaline
app rec site
fuses to rec site activating adenylyl cyclase enz
enz conv ATP to cyclic AMP, which acts as a 2nd mess that actvates other enz tht in turn onv glycogen into glucose
main function of adrenaline during fof
trigger hepatocytes to undergo glycogenolysis to that glucose is released into the blood stream
what does the releasing of glucose into the bloodstream allow
respiration to increase so more energy is available for muscle contraction
how does more glucose in the blood increase respiration
.
first messenger
a hormone that transmits a chemical signal around the body- adrenaline
second messanger
transmits a chemical signal intracellularly-cyclic AMP
suggest what happens to the polysccharides in the hepatocyte as a result of the action of adrenaline
glycogen broken down into glucose by hydrolysis
glycogen phosphorylase stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose
describe and explain how the activation of the fof aff voluntary, invol and cardiac muscle
.
where is adenylyl cyclase present
cell membrane
what is one cardiac cycle equal to
one heart beat
myogenic
cardiac muscle can initiate its own pacemaker, dx need NS/ES
BLTR
bicuspid valve left
tricuspid valve right
cardiac output
stroke volume x heart rate
units of CO
cm3/min
SV units
vol
HR units
bpm
stroke volume
vol of blood leaving left ventricle w/each beat
centres in the medulla oblongata linked to SAN in heart by motor neurones
cardiovascular-acceleratory system
cardio-inhibitory system
cardiovascular-accelatory system
connected by accelatory nerve through sympathetic NS
inc HR and CO
cardio-inhibatory system
linked by vagus nerve, impluse though parasympathetic NS decreases HR and CO
effects of exercise on CO (neg feedback loop)
inc metabolic activity, inc co2 conc bc of a.resp, dec blood pH centre in med(cas) inc freq of impulses 2 SAN via symp NS, SAN inc HR, inc blood flow removed co2 quicker, co2 conc returns to optimum
why is it essential that HR inc
to prov extra ox req for inc respiration
what is HR controlled by
autonomic NS
is HR vol/invol
involuntary
