Animal Responses

Question 1

What is the nervous system made up of?

Answer 1

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

Question 2

What is the peripheral nervous divided in to?

Answer 2

The autonomic and somatic nervous system.

Question 3

What is the function of the somatic nervous system?

Answer 3

The somatic nervous system conducts action potentials from the CNS to effectors that are under voluntary control, has myelinated neurone for fast responses.

Question 4

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 4

Conducts action potentials from the CNS to effectors that are not under voluntary control. Does not really have myelinated neurone as responses do not need to be rapid

Question 5

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

Answer 5

The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

Question 6

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 6

Activated at times of stress and is involved in the fight or flight reponse. Has effects like increased heart rate and dilated pupils

Question 7

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 7

Active during periods of relaxation and aims to conserve energy by decreasing heart rate and constricting pupils.

Question 8

What is the function of the cerebrum?

Answer 8

Consists of 2 hemispheres separated by the corpus callosum. It is responsible for most of our higher thought processes like factual memory, intelligence.

Question 9

What is the function of the cerebellum?

Answer 9

it coordinates movement and balance like maintaining body position, tensioning muscles

Question 10

What is the function of the pituitary and hypothalamus complex?

Answer 10

organises homeostatic responses like osmoregulation, temperature regulation and hormone production

Question 11

what is the function of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 11

controls the autonomic responses by sending action potentials through autonomic ns like the cardiac system

Question 12

what is a reflex action

Answer 12

A response that does not involve any processing by the brain.

Question 13

What is the reflex arc?

Answer 13

Stimulus –> receptor –> sensory neurone –> relay neurone in spinal cord –> motor neurone –> effector –>. response

Question 14

What is the blinking reflex?

Answer 14

Causes temporary closure of eyelids to protect the eye from damage, may be stimulated by environmental changes

Question 15

What is the knee jerk reaction?

Answer 15

A spinal reflex which passes through spinal cord rather than the brain . maintains balance and posture

Question 16

Examples of outputs to coordinate responses

Answer 16

• Action potentials in the somatic NS
• Action potentials in sympathetic and parasympathetic parts of the autonomic nervous system
• release of hormones

Question 17

what is the fight or flight response?

Answer 17

The brain recognises a threat and the cerebrum stimulates the hypothalamus. Sympathetic nervous system is activated to cause a relic of hormones. Stimulates the adrenal medulla to release adrenaline

Question 18

How does the adrenal medulla release adrenaline?

Answer 18

1. Adrenaline binds to adrenaline receptors on the membrane
2. stimulates a G protein on inner surface membrane to activate adenyl cyclase
3. adenyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP
4. cAMP acts as a secondary messenger by activating enzyme action.