Animal Reproduction and Development

Question 1

__________ is the creation of offspring without the fusion of egg and sperm

Answer 1

Asexual Reproduction

Question 2

____________ Is the creation of an offspring by fusion of a male gamete (sperm) and female gamete ( egg) to form a zygote.

Answer 2

Sexual reproduction

Question 3

Many invertebrates reproduce ______________ by _____________, separation of a parent into two or more individuals of about the same size.

Answer 3

Asexually, fission

Question 4

In __________ new individuals arise from outgrowths of existing ones.

Answer 4

Budding

Question 5

How to Coral Polyps reproduce?

Answer 5

Asexually and by fission

Question 6

How do hydra reproduce?

Answer 6

Asexually by budding

Question 7

What form of asexual reproduction involves the breaking of body into pieces, some or all of which develop into adults?

Answer 7

Fragmentation

Question 8

Starfish reproduce through ___________.

Answer 8

Fragmentation

Question 9

_____________ must be accompanied by ________________, regrowth of lost body parts.

Answer 9

Fragmentation, Regeneration

Question 10

This is the development of a new individual from an unfertilized egg?

Answer 10

Parthenogenesis

Question 11

Male drone honeybees develop from in fertilized eggs and thus a ______________.

Answer 11

Haploid

Question 12

_________is the release of mature eggs at the midpoint of a female cycle

Answer 12

Ovulation

Question 13

What are reproductive cycles controlled by?

Answer 13

Hormones and environmental cues. Some are related to changing seasons

Question 14

____________ is when each individual has male and female reproductive system, this is common in snails

Answer 14

Hermaphroditism

Question 15

What is the mechanism that involves the union of egg and sperm ?

Answer 15

Fertilization

Question 16

___________ __________ is when eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment.

Answer 16

External fertilization

Question 17

Toads reproduce through what type of fertilization?

Answer 17

External

Question 18

This type of fertilization occurs when stern are deposited in or near the female tract and fertilization occurs within the tract.

Answer 18

Internal

Question 19

To reproduce sexually animals must produce gametes,some species have _________ the organs that produce gametes.

Answer 19

Gonads

Question 20

The male external reproductive organs are ______ and ______ Internal organs are ______, which produce sperm and hormones, and accessory gland.

Answer 20

Penis, scrotum , gonads

Question 21

What is the human penis composed of ?

Answer 21

Cylinders of spongy erectile tissue.

Question 22

What happens to the penis during sexual arousal?

Answer 22

The spongy erectile tissue fills with blood from arteries, causing an erection .

Question 23

The head of the penis ______ has a thinner skin covering than the shaft and is more sensitive to stimulation

Answer 23

Gland

Question 24

Describe the structure of the testes

Answer 24

Highly coiled tubes surrounded by connective tissue.

Question 25

Where is sperm formed?

Answer 25

Seminiferous tubles

Question 26

These cells are found adjacent to the seminiferous tubules and produce testosterone in the presence of luteinizing hormone (LH)

Answer 26

Leading cells

Question 27

Why are the testes held outside f the abdominal cavity in the scrotum?

Answer 27

Because the temperature is lower than in the abdominal cavity

Question 28

From the seminiferous tubules of a testis, sperm pass into the coiled tubules of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

Epididymis

Question 29

During ejaculation sperm are propelled through the muscular _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ____________ \_\_\_\_\_\_, and then exit the penis through the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 29

vas deferents, ejaculatory duct , urethra

Question 30

What is composed of sperm plus secretion from three sets of accessory gland?

Answer 30

Semen

Question 31

The two __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ contribute about 60% of the total volume of semen.

Answer 31

Seminal Vesicles

Question 32

The _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ secretes its products directly into urethra through several small ducts.

Answer 32

Prostate Gland

Question 33

What is the purpose of the clear mucus secreted by the bulbourethral gland before ejaculation?

Answer 33

Neutralizes acidic urine remaining in the urethra

Question 34

What is the production of male and female gametes that takes place through the process of meiosis?

Answer 34

Gametogenesis

Question 35

Describe the distinct structure and function of the Male (sperm) and Female(Eggs) gametes.

Answer 35

Sperm: small and motile so they can pass from the male to female Eggs: large and carry out their function within the female

Question 36

Describe Spermatogensis

Answer 36

It is the development of sperm. It is continuous and prolific.

Question 37

In Spermatogenesis,roughly how many sperm are produced per day and how long do they take to develop?

Answer 37

Millions produced per day ; 7 weeks to develop

Question 38

What is the form of gametogenesis is a prolonged process that is the development of a mature egg.

Answer 38

Oogenesis

Question 39

In the four products of meiosis how many develop into sperm verses into egg?

Answer 39

4 out of 4 develop into sperm while only 1 out of 4 become an egg.

Question 40

In Spermatogenesis what do Spermatogenesis develop into?

Answer 40

Primary Spermatocytes

Question 41

In Spermatogenesis Meiosis I occurs to give how many Secondary spermatocytes with how many chromosome?

Answer 41

2 secondary spermatocytes with 23 chromosomes each.

Question 42

In Spermatogenesis both secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis II which results in what?

Answer 42

Four Spermatids each with 23 chromosomes.

Question 43

What are the three major region of a sperm?

Answer 43

Head, Midpiece and Tail

Question 44

This head region includes the nucleus and helmet like _________ containing hydrolytic enzymes that enable sperm to penetrate eggs.

Answer 44

Acrosome

Question 45

The Midpiece is the metabolic region of the sperm containing the ___________ that produces _____ to move the tail .

Answer 45

Mitochondria , ATP

Question 46

Tail is the locomotor region of the sperm that includes _________ and _________ membrane.

Answer 46

Flagellum and plasma membrane

Question 47

What is a the tin- walled chamber that is the repository for sperm during copulation and serves as the birth canal?

Answer 47

Vagina

Question 48

The vagina opens to the outside at the vulva which consist of what ?

Answer 48

Labia majora, labia minora, hymen, and clitoris.

Question 49

What are the female Gonads?

Answer 49

Ovaries

Question 50

Each ovary contains may follicles, which consist of a partially developed egg, called an \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, surround by support cells.

Answer 50

Oocyte

Question 51

Once a month an Oocyte develops into a _______ (egg) by the process of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 51

Ovum, oogenesis.

Question 52

What is ovulation?

Answer 52

An egg cell is expelled from the follicle.

Question 53

What hormone is produced in the follicle cells prior to ovulation?

Answer 53

Estradiol

Question 54

During ovulation what happens to the remaining follicular tissue once the egg cell is expels?

Answer 54

Follicular tissue grows with the ovary to form the Corpus Luteum.

Question 55

What hormone is secreted by the Corpus Luteum and what is its function?

Answer 55

Estradiol and progesterone to help maintain pregnancy.

Question 56

The egg travels from the ovary to the uterus Via an _______ or ________ tube.

Answer 56

Oviduct, Fallopian

Question 57

True or false Female are born with a complete set of oogonia

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

In Oogenesis the oogonia develop into a __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inside the primary follicle

Answer 58

Primary oocyte

Question 59

Primary oocyte are stuck in ________ \_\_\_ of meiosis. After puberty one Follicle matures for about _____ days; once follicle is mature , _________ ( release of secondary oocyte) occurs. The follicle then becomes the __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. If __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is fertilized, it goes through Meiosis II

Answer 59

Prophase I , 14, ovulation , Corpus Luteum , secondary oocyte

Question 60

What does ( GnRH) ?

Answer 60

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

Question 61

Gonadotropin -releasing hormone (GnRH) is secreted by the ___________ and directs the release of _____ and ____ from the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 61

Hypothalamus; FSH; LH; anterior pituitary

Question 62

What promotes the activity of Sertoli cells, which nourish developing sperm

Answer 62

FSH

Question 63

What hormone regulates Leydig cells, which secrete testosterone and other androgens, which in turn promotes Spermatogenesis.

Answer 63

LH

Question 64

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ regulates the production of GnRH, \_\_\_\_\_\_, and ____ through a ____________ feedback mechanism.

Answer 64

Testosterone; FSH; LH ; negative

Question 65

Prior to ovulation what occurs in the endometrium ( lining of uterus ) ?

Answer 65

The endometrium thickens with blood vessels in preparation for embryo implantation.

Question 66

A surge in LH triggers ....

Answer 66

ovulation

Question 67

Describe the ovarian cycle ...

Answer 67

Hypothalamus release GnRH , then ANterior Pituitary inhibited by low levels so estradiol release FSH and LH to stimulate follicle growth. The follicular phase end at ovulation, and the secondary ooocyte is released . The follicular tissue left behind transforms into the Corpus Luteum disintegrates and ovarian steroid hormones decrease.

Question 68