ANIMAL PRIMARY TISSUES Flashcards
Are groups of similar cells carrying out related functions
Tissues
Complex animals have 4 primary types
• epithelial
• connective
• muscles
• nervous
The study of the structure and arrangement of tissues
Histology
Tissues covering the outside of organs and structures in the body and line the lumens of organs in a single layer or multiple layers of cells
Epithelial tissues
Epithelia composed of a single layer of cells
Simple epithelia
Epithelial tissue composed of multiple layers
Stratified epithelia
Cells are generally round flat, and have a small, centrally located nucleoid
Squamos Epithelia
Cells are cube - shaped with a single, central nucleus
Cuboidal Epithelia
Cells are taller than they are wide, they resemble a stack columns in an epithelial layer, and are most commonly found in a single layer arrangement.
These cells absorb material from lumen of digestive tract
Columnar Epithelia
Columnar epithelia line the respiratory tract.
Pseudostratified
Interspersed between the columnar epithelial cells secrete mucous into respiratory tract
Goblet cells
Appear only in the urinary system, primarily in the bladder and ureter
Transitional epithelia or uroepithelial
Connective tissues are made up of a matrix consisting of living cells and non - living substance
Ground substance
The principal cells of connective tissues
Are motile, able to carry out mitosis and can synthesize whichever connective tissue is needed
Fibroblast
Has a sampling of all of the components of a connective tissue
Loose / Areolar connective tissue
Contains large amount of collagen fibers and few cells or matrix material
Fibrous Connective tissue
Connective tissues are found in areas of the body where stress occurs from all directions, such as the dermis of the skin
Irregularly arranged fibrous
Is found in tendons (which connect muscles to bones) and ligaments (which connect bones to bones)
Regular fibrous connective tissue
It is a connective tissue with a large amount of matrix and variable amounts of fibers
Cartillage
Cells that make the matrix and fibers of the tissue
Chondrocytes
Are randomly scattered throughout the tissue and the matrix takes on a milky or scrubbed appearance with a routine histological stains
Lacunae
Are found at the ends of long bones, reducing friction and cushioning the articulations of these bones
Found in movable joints such as knee and shoulder
Hyaline cartilage
Has a large amount of elastic fibers, giving it tremendous flexibility
Elastic cartilage
Contains a large amount of collagen fibers, giving the tissue tremendous strength
Fibrocartilage
Is a connective tissue that has a large amount of two different types of matrix material.
Bone
Similar to the matrix material found in other connective tissues including large amount of collagen and elastic fibers
Organic matrix
Consists of mineral salts mostly calcium salts that give the tissue adequate inorganic material in the matrix, the tissue bends
Inorganic matrix
3 types of cells in bone
• osteoblasts
• osteocytes
• osteoclasts
Are found in lacunae of the bone
Osteocytes
Are active in breaking down bone for bone remodeling, and they provide access to calcium stored in tissues
Usually found on the surface of the tissue
Osteoclasts
Are active in making bone for growth and remodeling
Osteoblasts
Bone can be divided into two types
• compact
• spongy
Is found in the end (or epiphysis) of a long bone
Spongy bone
Is found in the shaft (or diaphysis) of a long bone and the surface of the flat bone
Compact bone
Is considered a connective tissue even though it does not have fibroblasts or a real matrix and only has a few fibers
Adipose tissue
Is considered a connective tissue beacuse it has a matrix
Blood
2 living cell types
• red blood cells (RBC) also called erythrocytes
• White blood cells (WBC) also called leukocytes
The fluid portion of whole blood
Plasma
The principal job is to carry and deliver oxygen to the tissues
Erythrocyte
Are the predominant white blood cells found in the peripheral blood
Leukocytes
Function primarily in the immune response to foreign antigens or material
Lymphocytes
Different types of lymphocytes
• neutrophils
• monocytes
• platelets
• eosinophils and basophils
Are phagocytic cells and they participate in one of the early lines of defense
Neutrophils
Give rise to phagocytic macrophages that can clean up dead and damaged cells in the body
Monocytes
Both help to facilitate the inflammatory response
Aesonophils and basophils
Participate in the stages leading up to coagulation of the blood to stop bleeding through damaged blood vessels
Platelets
3 types of muscle tissues
• smooth
• skeletal
• cardiac
Does not have striations in its cells, it has a single centrally located nucleus
Smooth muscle
Has a striations across its cells caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins actin and myosin
Skeletal muscle
Muscles found only in the heart
Cardiac muscle
It assists in passing electrical impulse efficiently from one cell to the next and maintains the strong connection between neighboring cardiac cells
Intercalated disc
Are made of cells specialized to receive and transmit electrical impulses from specific areas of the body and to send them to specific locations in the body
Nervous tissues
The main cell of the nervous system
Neuron
Regulate the chemical environment of the nerve cells
Astrocytes
Nerve consist of 2 types of cell
Neuron and glial cells
