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Animal Nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diets consists of all of the nutrient groups in the correct proportions

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2
Q

What are the principal sources of dietary importance?

A

Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Dietary fiber
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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3
Q

What’s carbohydrates function and sources?

A

Function: source of energy
Sources: bread, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes

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4
Q

Proteins function and sources

A

Growth and repair
Meat, fish, eggs, pulses, nuts

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5
Q

Lipids functions and sources

A

Insulation and energy storage
Butter oil nut

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6
Q

Dietary fiber function and sources

A

Provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push food through it
Vegetables, whole grains

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7
Q

Vitamins functions and sources

A

Needed in small quantities to maintains health
Fruits and vegetables

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8
Q

Minerals source and functions

A

Needed in small quantities to maintain health
Fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy product

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9
Q

Water source and function

A

Ended for chemical reaction to take place in cells
Water, juice, milk, fruits, and vegetables

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10
Q

What’s vitamin C FUNCTION?

A

forms an essential part of collagen protein, which makes up skin hair gums and bones
Deficiency cause scurvy
Source: citrus fruits strawberries green vegetables

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11
Q

What’s vitamin D FUNCTIONS

A

helps body absorb calcium and so required for strong bones and teeth
Sources; oily fish, eggs, liver, dairy products, also made naturally by the body in sunlight

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12
Q

What’s calcium function

A

Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in the clotting of blood
Deficiency lead to osteoporosis later in life
Sources: milk cheese eggs

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13
Q

What’s irons function

A

Make haemoglobin, pigment in red blood cells that transport oxygen
Sources: red meat, liver , leafy green vegetable like spinach

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14
Q

Who uses up more energy male or females?

A

Males typically

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15
Q

Why do diets vary for each individual

A

Because of:
Age
Activity levels
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding

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16
Q

How does age affect a diet

A

Amount of energy young people need increase towards adulthood as this energy is needed for growth children need a higher proportion of protein in their diet than adults as this requires for growth energy need of adults decrease as they age

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17
Q

How does activity levels affect a diet

A

The more active, the more energy required for movement as muscles are contracting move and respiring fatser

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18
Q

How does pregnancy affect a diet

A

During pregnancy energy requirement increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing foetus, as well as the larger mass that the mother need to carry around.

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19
Q

How does breastfeeding affect a diet

A

Energy requirements increase and extra calcium still needed to make high quality breast milk

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20
Q

What happens if there a deficiency of iron in a diet

A

You ll get anemia

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21
Q

What happens if you get anemia

A

Anemia is a condition there is a deficiency in RBCs or haemoglobin in the blood
As a result of this disease you’ll experience fatigue, decrease work and school performance, slow cognitive and social development in childhood, difficulty in regulating body temperature, decrease immune function and glossitis (inflamed tongue)

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22
Q

What happens if there a deficiency in vitamin D in a diet

A

You’ll get rickets

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23
Q

What happens if you get rickets

A

In children Poor bone development

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24
Q

How do you get it (rickets)

A

Mostly form exposure from sunlight but can also be found in foods

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25
Q

Is there a treatment for rickets?

A

Its treatment is to increase cimsumption of foods containing calcium and vitamin d

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26
Q

When does malnutrition occur

A

When you don’t have a balanced diet

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27
Q

What malnutrition

A

Lack of proper nutrition and imbalance between nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets

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28
Q

Starvation

A

Cause by consuming too little food due to lack of food supply or mental disorder causing intense fear of gaining wieight leading to intense weight loss, organ damage and in serious cases desth

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29
Q

Coronary heart disease

A

When cholesterol sticks to walls on arteries sometimes forming blood clots. Leading to heart attack, arising from consuming too many saturated fats

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30
Q

Constipation

A

When you are unable to excrete it is extremely y painful, caused by lack of fiber, intestines won’t have anything to push on in order to move the food along alimentary canal if fiber is notmpresent

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31
Q

Scurvy

A

Arises from lack of vitamin c deficiency for over 3 months, it is rare to get it, symptoms as anemia, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, swelling root loss etc.

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32
Q

What happens if you do not treat scurvy?

A

Less red blood cells, gum disease, thinning hair and bleeding from skin

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33
Q

Obesity

A

Arises from consuming to much food, leading to several diseases such as diabetes strokes difficulties breathing etc.

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34
Q

Obesity

A

Arises from consuming to much food, leading to several diseases such as diabetes strokes difficulties breathing etc.

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35
Q

What causes the protein-energy malnutrition disease

A

Common childhood disorder, caused by lack of energy, protein, mostly seen in communities limited foods

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36
Q

What causes kwashiorkor

A

Protein deficiency, typically develop in children, a carbohydrate based diet could lead to this

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37
Q

Kwashiorkor symptoms

A

Fatigue, irrabily , lethargy
As a person continues to be deprived of protein, may develop odd a, bulging abdomen, an inhabilite to grow or gain weight, decreased immunity

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38
Q

What causes marasmus

A

Commonly occurs to young children, leading to dehydration and weight loss, a form of wasting

39
Q

What are marasmus symptoms

A

Weight loss, stunting, dehydration chronic diarrhea and stomach shrinkage

40
Q

Digestion

A

The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small water- soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes

41
Q

Ingestion

A

The taking substances (e.g food and drink) into the body through the mouth

42
Q

Mechanical digestion

A

The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules

43
Q

Chemical digestion

A

The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules

44
Q

Absorption

A

The movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestines into the blood

45
Q

Assimilation

A

The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells

46
Q

Egestion

A

The passing out of food that had not been digested or absorbed, as farces through the anus

47
Q

What are the names of the digestive organs

A

Mouth/ salivary glands
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Small intestines
Large intestines
Pancreas
Liver
Gall bladder

48
Q

Mouth/salivary glands functions

A

Mechanical diegestion takes place
- teethe chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio Amy,ase enzymes in saliva start digesting start into maltose
Food is shaped into a bolus (ball) by the tongue and lubricated in saliva so it can be swallowed

49
Q

Oesophagus functions

A

Tube that connect the mouth to the stomach where food bolus goes after being swallowed wave- like contractions will take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity

50
Q

Oesophagus functions

A

Tube that connect the mouth to the stomach where food bolus goes after being swallowed wave- like contractions will take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity

51
Q

Stomach functions

A

Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins hydrochloride acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum ph for protease enzyme to work

52
Q

Small intestine function

A

First section called duodenum, where food comes out of the stomach finishes being digested by enzymes produced here and also secrete form the pancreas
Ph of small inestine is s,ightky alkaline around
ph8-9
Second section ileum is where absorption of digested food molecules takes place the ileum is long and lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption takes place

53
Q

Large intestine function

A

Water is absorbed from remaining material in colon to produce faeces
Faeces stored in the rectum and removed through the anus

54
Q

Pancreas function

A

Produces all three types of digestive enzymes: amylase portease and lipase
Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion to raise ph of fluid coming out of the stomach

55
Q

Liver function

A

Produces bike to emulsify fats (break large droplets into smaller droplets)- e.g mechanical digestion
Amino acids not used to make proteins broken down here (deamination) producing urea

56
Q

Gall bladder function

A

Stores bike to release into duodenum as required

57
Q

How is mechanical digestion carried out

A

By the churning action of the teeth, the churning action of the stomach and the emulsification of fats by bile in the duodenum

58
Q

How are teeth held

A

Firmly in the bone of the jaw

59
Q

What are they used for

A

Chewing to increase surface area if food so it can be exposed to saliva and other digestive juices and broken down more quickly

60
Q

Why do teeth have different shapes and sizes

A

To enable them to perform slightly different functions

61
Q

What are the 4 types of teeth

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars and molars

62
Q

Incisors

A

Chisel- shaped for biting and cutting

63
Q

Canines

A

Pointed for tearing, holding and biting

64
Q

Canines

A

Pointed for tearing, holding and biting

65
Q

Premolars and molars

A

Larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food

66
Q

Structure of the tooth

A

Enamel
Entine
Nerves
Gum
Pulp cavity
Cement
Jawbone

67
Q

How do you take proper care of teeth to prevent decaying treeth

A

Reducing sugar eaten,
Brushing teeth regularly removes build up of plague that could cause gum disease and removes sugars
Visiting regularly dentist ensures any signs of gum disease or tooth decay

68
Q

How should teeth be brushed

A

With fluoride toothpaste since it helps strengthen enamel and reduce damage from acids

69
Q

What happens if you get dental decay

A

Tooth decay and gum disease

70
Q

If many harmless bacteria’s live in the mouth how do you get dental decay?

A

Some form a sticky film with saliva called plaque which coats teeth and areas where they attach to gums

71
Q

How is a at the beginning plaque ?

A

Soft and easy to remove, however when it hardens and tartars it cannot be removed

72
Q

What does a tartar do

A

Forms around edges of teeth and gums allowing bacteria’s to walk their way into roots

73
Q

What does tartar cause?

A

Gum disease and loss of teeth

74
Q

What happens after sugar is left in mouth after eating

A

Bacteria in plaque will feed on it, using respiration turning it into acids

75
Q

What happens after sugar is left in mouth after eating

A

Bacteria in plaque will feed on it, using respiration turning it into acids

76
Q

What happens to the acids

A

Dissolve the enamel coating of the teeth, working its way into the dentine

77
Q

How is dentine?

A

Softer than Enamel and dissolves more quickly and easily

78
Q

What enzymes appear in digestion

A

Amylase
Protease
Lipase

79
Q

How does Amylase work

A

Produced in the mouth (inside saliva) and pancreas
Secreted into the duodenum
Breaks down starch to simple sugars

80
Q

How does protease work?

A

Produced in the pancreas
Secreted in the stomach and small intestine
Breaks down proteins into amino acids

81
Q

How does lipase work?

A

Produced in the pancreas
Secreted into duodenum
Breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol

82
Q

What fluids the stomach produces

A

Several fluids which together are gastric juice

83
Q

What fluids the stomach produces

A

Several fluids which together are gastric juice

84
Q

What is one of the fluids it produces

A

Hydrochloric acid

85
Q

What’s hydrochloric acid function

A

Kill bacteria in food, gives an acid pH for enzymes to work on stomach

86
Q

What does a low ph in digestive enzymes do

A

Kill bacteria in food that has been ingested as it denatures enzyme in their cells

87
Q

Where is bile produced

A

In the liver, and then stored in the gall bladder

88
Q

How is a bile?

A

Alkaline to neutralize acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from stomach

89
Q

What does bile provide ?

A

A suitable pH for enzyme action since enzymes in small intestine have higher (more alkaline) optimum ph than those in stomach

90
Q

What does bile do

A

Breaks down large drops of fat into smaller (known as emulsification)

91
Q

How is ileum adapted

A

Very long and highly folded surface with millions of vili (tiny, fingers projections)

92
Q

How is ileum adapted

A

Very long and highly folded surface with millions of vili (tiny, fingers projections)

93
Q

What does ileum adaptation do

A

Massively increase surface area allowing abrosption to take place faster and efficiently

94
Q

What does a lacteal do

A

Runs through centre of villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from small intestine

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