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Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

What’s a balanced diet?

A

A balanced diets consists of all of the nutrient groups in the correct proportions

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2
Q

What are the principal sources of dietary importance?

A

Carbohydrate
Protein
Lipid
Dietary fiber
Vitamins
Minerals
Water

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3
Q

What’s carbohydrates function and sources?

A

Function: source of energy
Sources: bread, cereals, pasta, rice, potatoes

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4
Q

Proteins function and sources

A

Growth and repair
Meat, fish, eggs, pulses, nuts

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5
Q

Lipids functions and sources

A

Insulation and energy storage
Butter oil nut

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6
Q

Dietary fiber function and sources

A

Provides bulk (roughage) for the intestine to push food through it
Vegetables, whole grains

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7
Q

Vitamins functions and sources

A

Needed in small quantities to maintains health
Fruits and vegetables

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8
Q

Minerals source and functions

A

Needed in small quantities to maintain health
Fruits and vegetables, meats, dairy product

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9
Q

Water source and function

A

Ended for chemical reaction to take place in cells
Water, juice, milk, fruits, and vegetables

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10
Q

What’s vitamin C FUNCTION?

A

forms an essential part of collagen protein, which makes up skin hair gums and bones
Deficiency cause scurvy
Source: citrus fruits strawberries green vegetables

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11
Q

What’s vitamin D FUNCTIONS

A

helps body absorb calcium and so required for strong bones and teeth
Sources; oily fish, eggs, liver, dairy products, also made naturally by the body in sunlight

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12
Q

What’s calcium function

A

Needed for strong teeth and bones and involved in the clotting of blood
Deficiency lead to osteoporosis later in life
Sources: milk cheese eggs

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13
Q

What’s irons function

A

Make haemoglobin, pigment in red blood cells that transport oxygen
Sources: red meat, liver , leafy green vegetable like spinach

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14
Q

Who uses up more energy male or females?

A

Males typically

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15
Q

Why do diets vary for each individual

A

Because of:
Age
Activity levels
Pregnancy
Breastfeeding

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16
Q

How does age affect a diet

A

Amount of energy young people need increase towards adulthood as this energy is needed for growth children need a higher proportion of protein in their diet than adults as this requires for growth energy need of adults decrease as they age

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17
Q

How does activity levels affect a diet

A

The more active, the more energy required for movement as muscles are contracting move and respiring fatser

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18
Q

How does pregnancy affect a diet

A

During pregnancy energy requirement increase as energy is needed to support the growth of the developing foetus, as well as the larger mass that the mother need to carry around.

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19
Q

How does breastfeeding affect a diet

A

Energy requirements increase and extra calcium still needed to make high quality breast milk

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20
Q

What happens if there a deficiency of iron in a diet

A

You ll get anemia

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21
Q

What happens if you get anemia

A

Anemia is a condition there is a deficiency in RBCs or haemoglobin in the blood
As a result of this disease you’ll experience fatigue, decrease work and school performance, slow cognitive and social development in childhood, difficulty in regulating body temperature, decrease immune function and glossitis (inflamed tongue)

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22
Q

What happens if there a deficiency in vitamin D in a diet

A

You’ll get rickets

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23
Q

What happens if you get rickets

A

In children Poor bone development

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24
Q

How do you get it (rickets)

A

Mostly form exposure from sunlight but can also be found in foods

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25
Is there a treatment for rickets?
Its treatment is to increase cimsumption of foods containing calcium and vitamin d
26
When does malnutrition occur
When you don’t have a balanced diet
27
What malnutrition
Lack of proper nutrition and imbalance between nutrients your body needs to function and the nutrients it gets
28
Starvation
Cause by consuming too little food due to lack of food supply or mental disorder causing intense fear of gaining wieight leading to intense weight loss, organ damage and in serious cases desth
29
Coronary heart disease
When cholesterol sticks to walls on arteries sometimes forming blood clots. Leading to heart attack, arising from consuming too many saturated fats
30
Constipation
When you are unable to excrete it is extremely y painful, caused by lack of fiber, intestines won’t have anything to push on in order to move the food along alimentary canal if fiber is notmpresent
31
Scurvy
Arises from lack of vitamin c deficiency for over 3 months, it is rare to get it, symptoms as anemia, exhaustion, spontaneous bleeding, pain in the limbs, swelling root loss etc.
32
What happens if you do not treat scurvy?
Less red blood cells, gum disease, thinning hair and bleeding from skin
33
Obesity
Arises from consuming to much food, leading to several diseases such as diabetes strokes difficulties breathing etc.
34
Obesity
Arises from consuming to much food, leading to several diseases such as diabetes strokes difficulties breathing etc.
35
What causes the protein-energy malnutrition disease
Common childhood disorder, caused by lack of energy, protein, mostly seen in communities limited foods
36
What causes kwashiorkor
Protein deficiency, typically develop in children, a carbohydrate based diet could lead to this
37
Kwashiorkor symptoms
Fatigue, irrabily , lethargy As a person continues to be deprived of protein, may develop odd a, bulging abdomen, an inhabilite to grow or gain weight, decreased immunity
38
What causes marasmus
Commonly occurs to young children, leading to dehydration and weight loss, a form of wasting
39
What are marasmus symptoms
Weight loss, stunting, dehydration chronic diarrhea and stomach shrinkage
40
Digestion
The breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small water- soluble molecules using mechanical and chemical processes
41
Ingestion
The taking substances (e.g food and drink) into the body through the mouth
42
Mechanical digestion
The breakdown of food into smaller pieces without chemical change to the food molecules
43
Chemical digestion
The breakdown of large, insoluble molecules into small soluble molecules
44
Absorption
The movement of small food molecules and ions through the wall of the intestines into the blood
45
Assimilation
The movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used, becoming part of the cells
46
Egestion
The passing out of food that had not been digested or absorbed, as farces through the anus
47
What are the names of the digestive organs
Mouth/ salivary glands Oesophagus Stomach Small intestine Small intestines Large intestines Pancreas Liver Gall bladder
48
Mouth/salivary glands functions
Mechanical diegestion takes place - teethe chew food to break it into smaller pieces and increase its surface area to volume ratio Amy,ase enzymes in saliva start digesting start into maltose Food is shaped into a bolus (ball) by the tongue and lubricated in saliva so it can be swallowed
49
Oesophagus functions
Tube that connect the mouth to the stomach where food bolus goes after being swallowed wave- like contractions will take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity
50
Oesophagus functions
Tube that connect the mouth to the stomach where food bolus goes after being swallowed wave- like contractions will take place to push the food bolus down without relying on gravity
51
Stomach functions
Food is mechanically digested by churning actions while protease enzymes start to chemically digest proteins hydrochloride acid is present to kill bacteria in food and provide the optimum ph for protease enzyme to work
52
Small intestine function
First section called duodenum, where food comes out of the stomach finishes being digested by enzymes produced here and also secrete form the pancreas Ph of small inestine is s,ightky alkaline around ph8-9 Second section ileum is where absorption of digested food molecules takes place the ileum is long and lined with villi to increase the surface area over which absorption takes place
53
Large intestine function
Water is absorbed from remaining material in colon to produce faeces Faeces stored in the rectum and removed through the anus
54
Pancreas function
Produces all three types of digestive enzymes: amylase portease and lipase Secretes enzymes in an alkaline fluid into the duodenum for digestion to raise ph of fluid coming out of the stomach
55
Liver function
Produces bike to emulsify fats (break large droplets into smaller droplets)- e.g mechanical digestion Amino acids not used to make proteins broken down here (deamination) producing urea
56
Gall bladder function
Stores bike to release into duodenum as required
57
How is mechanical digestion carried out
By the churning action of the teeth, the churning action of the stomach and the emulsification of fats by bile in the duodenum
58
How are teeth held
Firmly in the bone of the jaw
59
What are they used for
Chewing to increase surface area if food so it can be exposed to saliva and other digestive juices and broken down more quickly
60
Why do teeth have different shapes and sizes
To enable them to perform slightly different functions
61
What are the 4 types of teeth
Incisors Canines Premolars and molars
62
Incisors
Chisel- shaped for biting and cutting
63
Canines
Pointed for tearing, holding and biting
64
Canines
Pointed for tearing, holding and biting
65
Premolars and molars
Larger, flat surfaces with ridges at the edges for chewing and grinding up food
66
Structure of the tooth
Enamel Entine Nerves Gum Pulp cavity Cement Jawbone
67
How do you take proper care of teeth to prevent decaying treeth
Reducing sugar eaten, Brushing teeth regularly removes build up of plague that could cause gum disease and removes sugars Visiting regularly dentist ensures any signs of gum disease or tooth decay
68
How should teeth be brushed
With fluoride toothpaste since it helps strengthen enamel and reduce damage from acids
69
What happens if you get dental decay
Tooth decay and gum disease
70
If many harmless bacteria’s live in the mouth how do you get dental decay?
Some form a sticky film with saliva called plaque which coats teeth and areas where they attach to gums
71
How is a at the beginning plaque ?
Soft and easy to remove, however when it hardens and tartars it cannot be removed
72
What does a tartar do
Forms around edges of teeth and gums allowing bacteria’s to walk their way into roots
73
What does tartar cause?
Gum disease and loss of teeth
74
What happens after sugar is left in mouth after eating
Bacteria in plaque will feed on it, using respiration turning it into acids
75
What happens after sugar is left in mouth after eating
Bacteria in plaque will feed on it, using respiration turning it into acids
76
What happens to the acids
Dissolve the enamel coating of the teeth, working its way into the dentine
77
How is dentine?
Softer than Enamel and dissolves more quickly and easily
78
What enzymes appear in digestion
Amylase Protease Lipase
79
How does Amylase work
Produced in the mouth (inside saliva) and pancreas Secreted into the duodenum Breaks down starch to simple sugars
80
How does protease work?
Produced in the pancreas Secreted in the stomach and small intestine Breaks down proteins into amino acids
81
How does lipase work?
Produced in the pancreas Secreted into duodenum Breaks down fats to fatty acids and glycerol
82
What fluids the stomach produces
Several fluids which together are gastric juice
83
What fluids the stomach produces
Several fluids which together are gastric juice
84
What is one of the fluids it produces
Hydrochloric acid
85
What’s hydrochloric acid function
Kill bacteria in food, gives an acid pH for enzymes to work on stomach
86
What does a low ph in digestive enzymes do
Kill bacteria in food that has been ingested as it denatures enzyme in their cells
87
Where is bile produced
In the liver, and then stored in the gall bladder
88
How is a bile?
Alkaline to neutralize acidic mixture of food and gastric juices entering the duodenum from stomach
89
What does bile provide ?
A suitable pH for enzyme action since enzymes in small intestine have higher (more alkaline) optimum ph than those in stomach
90
What does bile do
Breaks down large drops of fat into smaller (known as emulsification)
91
How is ileum adapted
Very long and highly folded surface with millions of vili (tiny, fingers projections)
92
How is ileum adapted
Very long and highly folded surface with millions of vili (tiny, fingers projections)
93
What does ileum adaptation do
Massively increase surface area allowing abrosption to take place faster and efficiently
94
What does a lacteal do
Runs through centre of villus to transport fatty acids and glycerol away from small intestine

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