Animal Nutrition

Question 1

The five processes of the alimentary canal

Answer 1

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion

Question 2

Definition of Alimentary Canal in mammals

Answer 2

Made up of a system of organs that each perform a specific function

Question 3

Organs that form the Alimentary Canal

Answer 3

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

Question 4

Accessory organs

Answer 4

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Teeth

Question 5

Organs using Chemical Digestion

Answer 5

Stomach, Small intestine, Mouth Cavity

Question 6

Organs using Mechanical Digestion

Answer 6

Oesophagus, Stomach, Teeth

Question 7

Function of oesophagus

Answer 7

Moves food from mouth to stomach using peristalsis

Question 8

Functions of stomach

Answer 8

Continues mechanical Digestion and mixes food with digestive juices through peristalsis

Secretes digestive juices essential for chemical Digestion

Question 9

Functions of small intestine

Answer 9

Secretes digestive juices for final part of chemical digestion

Duodenum digests chemically

Ileum absorbs nutrients

Question 10

Functions of large intestine

Answer 10

Caecum: Receives waste material from ileum

Colon: Absorbs water from indigestible food in Alimentary Canal

Rectum: Stores faeces prior to excretion

Question 11

Function of Anus

Answer 11

Passes faeces out of organism

Question 12

Function of pancreas

Answer 12

Secretes pancreatic juice that contains enzymes

Question 13

Function of gallbladder

Answer 13

Stores bile from liver before it is secreted into duodenum of small intestine

Question 14

Function of liver

Answer 14

Produce and secretes bile that helps to break down fat

Question 15

Salivary Glands

Answer 15

Secretes saliva that contains enzymes

Question 16

Function of mouth cavity

Answer 16

Receives food that is ingested

Begins mechanical digestion by tongue and teeth

Chemical digestion starts by saliva

Question 17

Function of teeth

Answer 17

Used for chewing food (mastication)

Question 18

How many pairs are there of Salivary Glands and what is the function of saliva?

Answer 18

3 pairs of Salivary Glands

Saliva moistens food and helps it stick together making it easier to swallow

Question 19

What is a bolus and which organ helps form it?

Answer 19

A bolus is a food ball formed by the tongue mixing food with saliva

Question 20

4 kinds of teeth and their functions

Answer 20

1. Incisors - Sharp and chisel shaped. Used for biting and cutting.
2. Canines - Sharp and cone shaped. Used for tearing.
3. Premolars - Blunt, ridged and Broad surface area. Used for grinding, chewing, crushing.
4. Molars - Blunt, ridged, Broad surface area (larger than premolars). Used for grinding, chewing and crushing.

Question 21

Human dental formula

Answer 21

2.1.2.3
_______
2.1.2.3

Question 22

Why is food chewed into smaller pieces?

Answer 22

The smaller the piece, the larger the surface area that becomes available for enzymes to act on.

Question 23

What prevents food from entering the lungs and choking?

Answer 23

A cartilage flap (epiglottis) closes the opening of the trachea to the lungs

Question 24

2 layers of muscular walls in oesophagus

Answer 24

Inner layer - consists of circular muscles

Outer layer - Longitudinal muscle counteracts

Question 25

What is the sphincter?

Answer 25

A ring of smooth muscle that prevents good from returning to oesophagus and is found at the end of oesophagus.

Question 26

Process that moves food along the alimentary canal to the Anus

Answer 26

Peristalsis

Question 27

What is bile, where is it produced and where is it stored?

Answer 27

Bile is a greenish - yellow substance that is produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Question 28

What is acid chyme?

Answer 28

Semi-digested food that passes from stomach to small intestine

Question 29

When is bile released?

Answer 29

When acid chyme flows from the small intestine, the gallbladder is stimulated to release bile.

Question 30

The functions of bile

Answer 30

1. The emulsification of fats and lipids. This increases the surface area of fats, making it easier for lipase enzymes to digest them. 2. Neutralises acid chyme from stomach.

Question 31

What is dentition?

Answer 31

The type, number and arrangement of teeth in the mouth of a specific species of animals.

Question 32

Dental formula for herbivores and how are their teeth adapted?

Answer 32

0.0.3.3. ________ 3.1.3.3 Insicors- sharp to cut off plant material Canines- often absent Molars and premolars- large and flat, grind plant material.

Question 33

What do we call the chewing of food

Answer 33

Mastication

Question 34

What fluids does saliva contain?

Answer 34

Mucus and the enzyme amylase

Question 35

Name the 2 muscles that contract during peristalsis and which layer they will be (inner or outer)

Answer 35

Circular muscle - inner layer | Longitudinal muscle- outer layer

Question 36

Explain the process of peristalsis

Answer 36

* The circular muscle contracts behind the bolus,pushing it down the oesophagus * The longitudinal muscles contracts in front the bolus making the oesophagus shorter and wider ahead of the bolus .

Question 37

What prevents the food from coming back up the oesophagus?

Answer 37

The sphincter

Question 38

The process of breaking down large fat molecules into smaller ones

Answer 38

Emulsification

Question 39

What does Emulsification do?

Answer 39

Increases the surface area of the fats,which makes it easier for lipase enzymes to digest them.

Question 40

True or false | Bile is an alkaline that neutralizes acid chyme

Answer 40

True

Question 41

When are the digestive enzymes most effective?

Answer 41

In a slightly alkaline medium

Question 42

Hard bone -like structures used for bitting,chewing and grinding?

Answer 42

Teeth

Question 43

What does the process of chewing require?

Answer 43

The movement of the lower jaw and teeth

Question 44

Protein molecules that act as catalyst in the biochemical reactions

Answer 44

Enzymes

Question 45

What does the saliva secreted by the salivary glands contain?

Answer 45

Mucus, H²O and carbohydrate enzymes

Question 46

What pH level does a slightly alkaline saliva keep in the mouth?

Answer 46

7,4

Question 47

What does the carbohydrase enzyme change starch into?

Answer 47

Maltose

Question 48

What do the gastric glands in the stomach wall secrete? And what about substance made out of?

Answer 48

The secrete gastric juice which are made out of , H²O,mucus enzymes and HCL

Question 49

Enzymes in gastric juices are ?

Answer 49

Proteases

Question 50

What is a process of absorption and where does it take place

Answer 50

The diffusion of small soluble digested molecules enter the bloodstream and takes place in the ileum (which is the second part of the intestine)