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Life Sciences > Animal Nutrition > Flashcards

Animal Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

The five processes of the alimentary canal

A

Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Assimilation, Egestion

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2
Q

Definition of Alimentary Canal in mammals

A

Made up of a system of organs that each perform a specific function

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3
Q

Organs that form the Alimentary Canal

A

Mouth, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small intestine, Large Intestine, Anus

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4
Q

Accessory organs

A

Pancreas, Liver, Gallbladder, Salivary Glands, Teeth

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5
Q

Organs using Chemical Digestion

A

Stomach, Small intestine, Mouth Cavity

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6
Q

Organs using Mechanical Digestion

A

Oesophagus, Stomach, Teeth

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7
Q

Function of oesophagus

A

Moves food from mouth to stomach using peristalsis

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8
Q

Functions of stomach

A

Continues mechanical Digestion and mixes food with digestive juices through peristalsis

Secretes digestive juices essential for chemical Digestion

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9
Q

Functions of small intestine

A

Secretes digestive juices for final part of chemical digestion

Duodenum digests chemically

Ileum absorbs nutrients

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10
Q

Functions of large intestine

A

Caecum: Receives waste material from ileum

Colon: Absorbs water from indigestible food in Alimentary Canal

Rectum: Stores faeces prior to excretion

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11
Q

Function of Anus

A

Passes faeces out of organism

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12
Q

Function of pancreas

A

Secretes pancreatic juice that contains enzymes

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13
Q

Function of gallbladder

A

Stores bile from liver before it is secreted into duodenum of small intestine

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14
Q

Function of liver

A

Produce and secretes bile that helps to break down fat

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15
Q

Salivary Glands

A

Secretes saliva that contains enzymes

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16
Q

Function of mouth cavity

A

Receives food that is ingested

Begins mechanical digestion by tongue and teeth

Chemical digestion starts by saliva

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17
Q

Function of teeth

A

Used for chewing food (mastication)

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18
Q

How many pairs are there of Salivary Glands and what is the function of saliva?

A

3 pairs of Salivary Glands

Saliva moistens food and helps it stick together making it easier to swallow

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19
Q

What is a bolus and which organ helps form it?

A

A bolus is a food ball formed by the tongue mixing food with saliva

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20
Q

4 kinds of teeth and their functions

A
  1. Incisors - Sharp and chisel shaped. Used for biting and cutting.
  2. Canines - Sharp and cone shaped. Used for tearing.
  3. Premolars - Blunt, ridged and Broad surface area. Used for grinding, chewing, crushing.
  4. Molars - Blunt, ridged, Broad surface area (larger than premolars). Used for grinding, chewing and crushing.
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21
Q

Human dental formula

A

2.1.2.3
_______
2.1.2.3

22
Q

Why is food chewed into smaller pieces?

A

The smaller the piece, the larger the surface area that becomes available for enzymes to act on.

23
Q

What prevents food from entering the lungs and choking?

A

A cartilage flap (epiglottis) closes the opening of the trachea to the lungs

24
Q

2 layers of muscular walls in oesophagus

A

Inner layer - consists of circular muscles

Outer layer - Longitudinal muscle counteracts

25
Q

What is the sphincter?

A

A ring of smooth muscle that prevents good from returning to oesophagus and is found at the end of oesophagus.

26
Q

Process that moves food along the alimentary canal to the Anus

A

Peristalsis

27
Q

What is bile, where is it produced and where is it stored?

A

Bile is a greenish - yellow substance that is produced by liver and stored in the gallbladder.

28
Q

What is acid chyme?

A

Semi-digested food that passes from stomach to small intestine

29
Q

When is bile released?

A

When acid chyme flows from the small intestine, the gallbladder is stimulated to release bile.

30
Q

The functions of bile

A
  1. The emulsification of fats and lipids. This increases the surface area of fats, making it easier for lipase enzymes to digest them.
  2. Neutralises acid chyme from stomach.
31
Q

What is dentition?

A

The type, number and arrangement of teeth in the mouth of a specific species of animals.

32
Q

Dental formula for herbivores and how are their teeth adapted?

A

0.0.3.3.
________
3.1.3.3

Insicors- sharp to cut off plant material

Canines- often absent

Molars and premolars- large and flat, grind plant material.

33
Q

What do we call the chewing of food

A

Mastication

34
Q

What fluids does saliva contain?

A

Mucus and the enzyme amylase

35
Q

Name the 2 muscles that contract during peristalsis and which layer they will be (inner or outer)

A

Circular muscle - inner layer

Longitudinal muscle- outer layer

36
Q

Explain the process of peristalsis

A
  • The circular muscle contracts behind the bolus,pushing it down the oesophagus
  • The longitudinal muscles contracts in front the bolus making the oesophagus shorter and wider ahead of the bolus .
37
Q

What prevents the food from coming back up the oesophagus?

A

The sphincter

38
Q

The process of breaking down large fat molecules into smaller ones

A

Emulsification

39
Q

What does Emulsification do?

A

Increases the surface area of the fats,which makes it easier for lipase enzymes to digest them.

40
Q

True or false

Bile is an alkaline that neutralizes acid chyme

A

True

41
Q

When are the digestive enzymes most effective?

A

In a slightly alkaline medium

42
Q

Hard bone -like structures used for bitting,chewing and grinding?

A

Teeth

43
Q

What does the process of chewing require?

A

The movement of the lower jaw and teeth

44
Q

Protein molecules that act as catalyst in the biochemical reactions

A

Enzymes

45
Q

What does the saliva secreted by the salivary glands contain?

A

Mucus, H²O and carbohydrate enzymes

46
Q

What pH level does a slightly alkaline saliva keep in the mouth?

A

7,4

47
Q

What does the carbohydrase enzyme change starch into?

A

Maltose

48
Q

What do the gastric glands in the stomach wall secrete? And what about substance made out of?

A

The secrete gastric juice which are made out of , H²O,mucus enzymes and HCL

49
Q

Enzymes in gastric juices are ?

A

Proteases

50
Q

What is a process of absorption and where does it take place

A

The diffusion of small soluble digested molecules enter the bloodstream and takes place in the ileum (which is the second part of the intestine)

Life Sciences (7 decks)

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