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2nd Yr Spring > Animal Nut MCQ2 > Flashcards

Animal Nut MCQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid functions

A

Electron carriers
Substrate carriers in enzymatic functions
Components of biological membranes
Sources and stores of energy
Stored fat as insulator

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2
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Lower melting points
More chemically reactive

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3
Q

Linoleic and Linolenic

A

Linoleic (6) and Linolenic (3)
Essential Fatty Acids

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4
Q

Glycolipids

A

Rumen m/o break down galactolipids into fatty acid and glycerol

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5
Q

AME (apparent metabolisable energy)

A

Gross energy of feed consumed - gross energy contained in the excreta

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6
Q

What VFA is produced in greatest abundance as a consequence of bacterial fermentation in the monogastric large intestine?

A

Butyric acid

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Fat breakdown may occur naturally under the influence of lipases

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8
Q

Oxidation (products)

A

SCFA
Fatty acid polymers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Hydrocarbons

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9
Q

Hydrogenation

A

H is added to the double bonds of the unsaturated acids of fat, converting them to a saturated analogue

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10
Q

Antioxidants

A

FA at room temp undergo autoxidation to break down into hydrocarbons, ketones, and aldehydes

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11
Q

Chylomicrons (route of entry)

A

Enter the venous blood vessels via the thoracic duct

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12
Q

Fat digestion and absorption

A

FA emulsified by bile salts to form micelles and enter epithelial cells and link to form triglycerides
Triglycerides combine with proteins inside Golgi body to form chylomicrons
Chylomicrons enter the lacteal and are transported away from intestine

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13
Q

Major lipids in dairy cows

A

Triglycerides
Glycolipids
Free fatty acids

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14
Q

Fat is absorbed as ____ in the ____

A

Micelles
Small Intestine

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15
Q

Micelles function

A

Move FA to the surface of intestinal cells for absorption

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16
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Triglycerides, free FA, cholesterol and other lipid substances coated with protein to form lipoproteins

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17
Q

Crude protein

A

Any compound that contain nitrogen
CP = N x 6.25

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18
Q

Feeds with high CF contents

A

Tend to be poorly digested & have low energy contents

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19
Q

NDF, ADF, ADL residues

A

NDF - cell wall
ADF - cellulose & lignin
ADL - lignin

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20
Q

Nutritional value of grass declines in conjunction with

A

An increase in lignin

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21
Q

NFE

A

NFE = [1000 - (sum of the amounts of moisture (g/kg) + ash + crude protein + ether extract + crude fibre)]

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22
Q

Digestibility (%)

A

Digestibility (%) = [(feed intake - faeces output)/feed intake] x 100

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23
Q

High fibre foods

A

Better digested by ruminants

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24
Q

Digestible Energy

A

Frequently used in the rationing of monogastrics because the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negligible quantities of methane

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25
Digestible Energy (eqn)
DE = Gross energy - faecal energy
26
Metabolisable Energy
Most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminants
27
Gross Energy Values Carbs Protein Fats
Carbs - 17.5 MJ GE/kg Protein - 23.6 MJ GE/kg Fats - 39.3 MJ GE/kg
28
Minerals (def)
Inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients
29
Minerals (func.)
Participate with enzymes in metabolic processes Structural function pH and water balance Nerve and muscle function
30
Rapid absorption of VFA's
Homeostatic mechanism employed to maintain rumen pH
31
Co-factors
Non-protein component of an enzyme
32
Central reserve/interchange compartment (blood plasma)
Interchanges minerals with storage areas
33
Central reserve (plasma)
Metabolic activities take place Receives minerals from GI tract
34
Factors affecting mineral requirements
Physiological state Interactions with other minerals Tissue storage Form fed (organic/inorganic)
35
Factors influencing mineral use
Bioavailability - genetics, aging, nutritional status Absorption - small and large intestine Regulation - kidneys and small intestine
36
Oxalate & Phytate
Oxalate (Ca) and Phytate (P) Decrease absorption of these minerals
37
Chelated minerals
Mineral + amino acid = to form a ring structure
38
Chelated minerals (func)
Protect mineral & facilitate absorption - increased metabolism Increase bioavailability (chlorophylls, cytochrome, haemoglobin, vit B12)
39
Dietary ration of Calcium (Ca:P)
1:1 or 2:1 is good for most animals
40
Ca (func)
Bone structure Nerve and muscle function Blood clotting Cellular metabolism
41
3 hormones involved in Ca regulation
Vit D Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Calcitonin
42
Ca deficiencies
Rickets Osteomalacia Milk fever
43
Phosphorus (func)
Energy metabolism Component of DNA, RNA, ATP Protein Synthesis Maintenance of blood pH
44
Phosphorus deficiencies
Rickets Osetomalacia Depraved appetite Infertility Low milk yield
45
P toxicity
Excessive bone resorption Can depress absorption of Ca
46
Phytate
A source of P found in cereal grains that is indigestible by a non-ruminant animal through the action of its own enzymes
47
Phytase
Enzyme that breaks down phytate and releases digestible P and Ca
48
Sodium (func)
Maintain water balance Generate electrical changes needed by muscles & nerve tissue to function Absorption
49
Na deficiency
Weight loss Dehydration Reduced performance Delayed puberty
50
Chloride (func)
Water and pH balance Osmotic pressure Formation of acid to support digestion
51
Cl deficiency
Alkalosis of blood Retardation of growth
52
Potassium (func)
Maintain water and pH balance Osmotic pressure Muscle activity
53
K deficiency
Weakness Weight loss Dehydration
54
Magnesium (func)
Nerve & muscle function Fat and protein utilisation Normal bone formation
55
Mg deficiency
Grass tetany - convulsions, tremors, facial muscle twitches, staggering gait
56
Mg supplementation strategies
In water supplementation Pasture dusting Mg bolus
57
Mg toxicity
Cardiorespiratory depression Heart stoppage
58
Zinc (func)
Part of the hormone insulin Bone and hoof formation Control E.coli scours
59
Zinc syndrome in swine
Parakeratosis - poor growth rate, impaired feed efficiency
60
Zinc deficiency
Hoof softness Frizzled feathers Wool slipping Thickened skin Lesions on skin (calves)
61
Sulphur
Amino acids, methionine, cysteine S important for sheep - requirement in the rumen for amino acid production
62
Copper (func)
Formation of red blood cells Normal hair pigmentation
63
Cu deficiency
Anaemia Poor growth Scouring Infertility Swayback (lesions in spinal cord) No loss of winter coat
64
Iodine (func)
Synthesises hormone thyroxine in thyroid regulating metabolic rate
65
Iodine deficiency
Goitre (enlargement of thyroid)
66
Iron
Component of haemoglobin
67
Iron deficiency
Poor vigour Poor appetite Growth lethargy Pale white skin colour
68
Selenium (func)
Protect body against breakdown of cell membranes Formation of thyroid hormone
69
Selenium deficiency
Mulberry heart disease Liver necrosis
70
Manganese
Activator of enzymes (hydrolases)
71
Manganese deficiency
Retarded growth Skeletal abnormalities Defective ovulation
72
Cobalt
Required by m/o in rumen to synthesise B12
73
Cobalt deficiency
Reduced appetite Anaemia Reduced growth rate
74
Threshold inclusion level to differentiate between a major and a trace element
100mg/kg DM

2nd Yr Spring (8 decks)

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