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2nd Yr Spring > Animal Nut MCQ2 > Flashcards

Animal Nut MCQ2 Flashcards

1
Q

Lipid functions

A

Electron carriers
Substrate carriers in enzymatic functions
Components of biological membranes
Sources and stores of energy
Stored fat as insulator

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2
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Lower melting points
More chemically reactive

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3
Q

Linoleic and Linolenic

A

Linoleic (6) and Linolenic (3)
Essential Fatty Acids

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4
Q

Glycolipids

A

Rumen m/o break down galactolipids into fatty acid and glycerol

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5
Q

AME (apparent metabolisable energy)

A

Gross energy of feed consumed - gross energy contained in the excreta

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6
Q

What VFA is produced in greatest abundance as a consequence of bacterial fermentation in the monogastric large intestine?

A

Butyric acid

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7
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Fat breakdown may occur naturally under the influence of lipases

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8
Q

Oxidation (products)

A

SCFA
Fatty acid polymers
Aldehydes
Ketones
Hydrocarbons

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9
Q

Hydrogenation

A

H is added to the double bonds of the unsaturated acids of fat, converting them to a saturated analogue

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10
Q

Antioxidants

A

FA at room temp undergo autoxidation to break down into hydrocarbons, ketones, and aldehydes

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11
Q

Chylomicrons (route of entry)

A

Enter the venous blood vessels via the thoracic duct

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12
Q

Fat digestion and absorption

A

FA emulsified by bile salts to form micelles and enter epithelial cells and link to form triglycerides
Triglycerides combine with proteins inside Golgi body to form chylomicrons
Chylomicrons enter the lacteal and are transported away from intestine

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13
Q

Major lipids in dairy cows

A

Triglycerides
Glycolipids
Free fatty acids

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14
Q

Fat is absorbed as ____ in the ____

A

Micelles
Small Intestine

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15
Q

Micelles function

A

Move FA to the surface of intestinal cells for absorption

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16
Q

Chylomicrons

A

Triglycerides, free FA, cholesterol and other lipid substances coated with protein to form lipoproteins

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17
Q

Crude protein

A

Any compound that contain nitrogen
CP = N x 6.25

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18
Q

Feeds with high CF contents

A

Tend to be poorly digested & have low energy contents

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19
Q

NDF, ADF, ADL residues

A

NDF - cell wall
ADF - cellulose & lignin
ADL - lignin

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20
Q

Nutritional value of grass declines in conjunction with

A

An increase in lignin

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21
Q

NFE

A

NFE = [1000 - (sum of the amounts of moisture (g/kg) + ash + crude protein + ether extract + crude fibre)]

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22
Q

Digestibility (%)

A

Digestibility (%) = [(feed intake - faeces output)/feed intake] x 100

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23
Q

High fibre foods

A

Better digested by ruminants

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24
Q

Digestible Energy

A

Frequently used in the rationing of monogastrics because the breakdown of carbohydrates in their system produces only negligible quantities of methane

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25
Q

Digestible Energy (eqn)

A

DE = Gross energy - faecal energy

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26
Q

Metabolisable Energy

A

Most accurate measurement of the energy content of a feedstuff for ruminants

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27
Q

Gross Energy Values
Carbs
Protein
Fats

A

Carbs - 17.5 MJ GE/kg
Protein - 23.6 MJ GE/kg
Fats - 39.3 MJ GE/kg

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28
Q

Minerals (def)

A

Inorganic elemental atoms that are essential nutrients

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29
Q

Minerals (func.)

A

Participate with enzymes in metabolic processes
Structural function
pH and water balance
Nerve and muscle function

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30
Q

Rapid absorption of VFA’s

A

Homeostatic mechanism employed to maintain rumen pH

31
Q

Co-factors

A

Non-protein component of an enzyme

32
Q

Central reserve/interchange compartment (blood plasma)

A

Interchanges minerals with storage areas

33
Q

Central reserve (plasma)

A

Metabolic activities take place
Receives minerals from GI tract

34
Q

Factors affecting mineral requirements

A

Physiological state
Interactions with other minerals
Tissue storage
Form fed (organic/inorganic)

35
Q

Factors influencing mineral use

A

Bioavailability - genetics, aging, nutritional status
Absorption - small and large intestine
Regulation - kidneys and small intestine

36
Q

Oxalate & Phytate

A

Oxalate (Ca) and Phytate (P)
Decrease absorption of these minerals

37
Q

Chelated minerals

A

Mineral + amino acid = to form a ring structure

38
Q

Chelated minerals (func)

A

Protect mineral & facilitate absorption - increased metabolism
Increase bioavailability
(chlorophylls, cytochrome, haemoglobin, vit B12)

39
Q

Dietary ration of Calcium (Ca:P)

A

1:1 or 2:1 is good for most animals

40
Q

Ca (func)

A

Bone structure
Nerve and muscle function
Blood clotting
Cellular metabolism

41
Q

3 hormones involved in Ca regulation

A

Vit D
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitonin

42
Q

Ca deficiencies

A

Rickets
Osteomalacia
Milk fever

43
Q

Phosphorus (func)

A

Energy metabolism
Component of DNA, RNA, ATP
Protein Synthesis
Maintenance of blood pH

44
Q

Phosphorus deficiencies

A

Rickets
Osetomalacia
Depraved appetite
Infertility
Low milk yield

45
Q

P toxicity

A

Excessive bone resorption
Can depress absorption of Ca

46
Q

Phytate

A

A source of P found in cereal grains that is indigestible by a non-ruminant animal through the action of its own enzymes

47
Q

Phytase

A

Enzyme that breaks down phytate and releases digestible P and Ca

48
Q

Sodium (func)

A

Maintain water balance
Generate electrical changes needed by muscles & nerve tissue to function
Absorption

49
Q

Na deficiency

A

Weight loss
Dehydration
Reduced performance
Delayed puberty

50
Q

Chloride (func)

A

Water and pH balance
Osmotic pressure
Formation of acid to support digestion

51
Q

Cl deficiency

A

Alkalosis of blood
Retardation of growth

52
Q

Potassium (func)

A

Maintain water and pH balance
Osmotic pressure
Muscle activity

53
Q

K deficiency

A

Weakness
Weight loss
Dehydration

54
Q

Magnesium (func)

A

Nerve & muscle function
Fat and protein utilisation
Normal bone formation

55
Q

Mg deficiency

A

Grass tetany - convulsions, tremors, facial muscle twitches, staggering gait

56
Q

Mg supplementation strategies

A

In water supplementation
Pasture dusting
Mg bolus

57
Q

Mg toxicity

A

Cardiorespiratory depression
Heart stoppage

58
Q

Zinc (func)

A

Part of the hormone insulin
Bone and hoof formation
Control E.coli scours

59
Q

Zinc syndrome in swine

A

Parakeratosis - poor growth rate, impaired feed efficiency

60
Q

Zinc deficiency

A

Hoof softness
Frizzled feathers
Wool slipping
Thickened skin
Lesions on skin (calves)

61
Q

Sulphur

A

Amino acids, methionine, cysteine
S important for sheep - requirement in the rumen for amino acid production

62
Q

Copper (func)

A

Formation of red blood cells
Normal hair pigmentation

63
Q

Cu deficiency

A

Anaemia
Poor growth
Scouring
Infertility
Swayback (lesions in spinal cord)
No loss of winter coat

64
Q

Iodine (func)

A

Synthesises hormone thyroxine in thyroid regulating metabolic rate

65
Q

Iodine deficiency

A

Goitre (enlargement of thyroid)

66
Q

Iron

A

Component of haemoglobin

67
Q

Iron deficiency

A

Poor vigour
Poor appetite
Growth lethargy
Pale white skin colour

68
Q

Selenium (func)

A

Protect body against breakdown of cell membranes
Formation of thyroid hormone

69
Q

Selenium deficiency

A

Mulberry heart disease
Liver necrosis

70
Q

Manganese

A

Activator of enzymes (hydrolases)

71
Q

Manganese deficiency

A

Retarded growth
Skeletal abnormalities
Defective ovulation

72
Q

Cobalt

A

Required by m/o in rumen to synthesise B12

73
Q

Cobalt deficiency

A

Reduced appetite
Anaemia
Reduced growth rate

74
Q

Threshold inclusion level to differentiate between a major and a trace element

A

100mg/kg DM

2nd Yr Spring (8 decks)

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