Animal Movement: Bones

Question 1

What did skeletons used to be made of before bone?

Answer 1

Cartilage, this is still the case for some older species such as sharks and rays.

Question 2

What is the primary composition of bones?

Answer 2

25% collagen, 25% water and 50% crystallized mineral salts (mostly hydroxyapatite) which are all resistant to acidity.

Question 3

What cells produce cartilage?

Answer 3

Chondrocytes

Question 4

What cells produce bone?

Answer 4

Osteoblasts

Question 5

Where is cartilage still found in animals with bone skeletons and why?

Answer 5

Around joints to help reduce impact.

Question 6

What do ligaments do?

Answer 6

Hold one bone to another.

Question 7

What do tendons do?

Answer 7

Attach muscles to the skeleton and are composed of similar connective tissues to ligaments

Question 8

What is synovial liquid?

Answer 8

A liquid that surrounds joints to help reduce friction between bones.

Question 9

How is the Mechanical Advantage (MA) expressed?

Answer 9

The ratio of:
the length of the force arm (Lfa) to the length of the weight arm (Lwa)

Question 10

There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class I levers.

Answer 10

• A minimal amount of force can be used to lift a large weight.
• Have greatest MA
• Minimal velocity
• Lever is long, (large Lfa)
• Fulcrum is close to weight, (small Lwa)

Question 11

There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class II levers.

Answer 11

• Weight is between the fulcrum and force
• Can lift a decent amount of weight, yet requires more force
• Smaller MA than class I

Question 12

There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class III levers.

Answer 12

• Lever or Lfa is short
• Lwa is long, fulcrum is closer to the force than weight.
• Lowest MA
• Highest velocity

Question 13

What is the Cost Of Transport (COT)?

Answer 13

A parameter used to assess the metabolic demands of different exercises.

Question 14

How do you calculate the total Cost of Transport (COT)?

Answer 14

The total COT is calculated as the metabolic rate, divided by locomoter velocity.

(mL of oxygen per min) / (m per min) =
mL of oxygen per m

Question 15

How do you calculate the Net COT?

Answer 15

Find the difference between the total metabolic rate and the resting metabolic rate.

Question 16

What is “Preferred Velocity”?

Answer 16

The type of movement that an animal will use is just making its way around casually.

This movement is generally close to when COT is minimal.

Question 17

What is the order of movement location (Water, Air, Land) and cost of transport from least cost to greatest?

Answer 17

Least Cost Greatest Cost
Water –> Air –> Land

Question 18

Why is bone greater for skeletons than cartilage in land vertebrates?

Answer 18

More sturdy to offer greater support for the increased gravity, and a greater anchor for muscles to develop more strength for the increased movement.

Question 19

Why are bones makeup (hydroxyapatite) greater than the use of calcite in vertebrates with higher energy movement?

Answer 19

Allows for the anaerobic energy production to take place in bursts of high energy movement, as the acid wastes ‘lactic acid’ would corrode the calcite over time, yet doesn’t corrode bone.

Question 20

What are the main features of Endochondral bones?

Answer 20

• Begin as cartilage
• Form the long bones in the body
• ## Cartilage is replaced by a calcium phosphate matrix produced by osteoblasts

Question 21

What are the main features of intramembranous bones?

Answer 21

• Do not begin as cartilage
• Form smaller bones such as clavicle, jaw, some skull bones.
• Form within the dermis or tendons
• Begin from Mesenchyme gel-like matrix
• Osteoblasts get deposited into gel and replace with bone.

Question 22

What is the ‘epiphyseal’ line?

Answer 22

A section in the spongy bone that acts as a growth plate and was originally the cartilaginous growth centre that was replaced by bone over time.

Question 23

What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?

Answer 23

Spongy bone is contained within the compact outer and lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns, holds the bone marrow.

Compact bone is the outer edge and has concentrically arranged lamella called “Osteons”, these transport nutrients and oxygen.

Question 24

What is produced in Red bone marrow?

Answer 24

Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

Question 25

What is produced in Yellow bone marrow?

Answer 25

Triglyceride (energy) stored in adipose cells including within the bone.

Question 26

What are the 3 main types of joints?

Answer 26

Fibrous

Cartilaginous

Synovial

Question 27

What are Fibrous joints for?

Answer 27

Connect bones
Do not allow movement
E.g. skull and pelvis

Question 28

What are Cartilaginous joints for?

Answer 28

Allow movements between bones attached by cartilage
E.g. spine/ribs

Question 29

What are Synovial fluid joints for?

Answer 29

Free moving
Cavities between bones filled with synovial fluid
Fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.