Animal Movement: Bones Flashcards
What did skeletons used to be made of before bone?
Cartilage, this is still the case for some older species such as sharks and rays.
What is the primary composition of bones?
25% collagen, 25% water and 50% crystallized mineral salts (mostly hydroxyapatite) which are all resistant to acidity.
What cells produce cartilage?
Chondrocytes
What cells produce bone?
Osteoblasts
Where is cartilage still found in animals with bone skeletons and why?
Around joints to help reduce impact.
What do ligaments do?
Hold one bone to another.
What do tendons do?
Attach muscles to the skeleton and are composed of similar connective tissues to ligaments
What is synovial liquid?
A liquid that surrounds joints to help reduce friction between bones.
How is the Mechanical Advantage (MA) expressed?
The ratio of:
the length of the force arm (Lfa) to the length of the weight arm (Lwa)
There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class I levers.
- A minimal amount of force can be used to lift a large weight.
- Have greatest MA
- Minimal velocity
- Lever is long, (large Lfa)
- Fulcrum is close to weight, (small Lwa)
There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class II levers.
- Weight is between the fulcrum and force
- Can lift a decent amount of weight, yet requires more force
- Smaller MA than class I
There are 3 classes of levers;
describe the features of Class III levers.
- Lever or Lfa is short
- Lwa is long, fulcrum is closer to the force than weight.
- Lowest MA
- Highest velocity
What is the Cost Of Transport (COT)?
A parameter used to assess the metabolic demands of different exercises.
How do you calculate the total Cost of Transport (COT)?
The total COT is calculated as the metabolic rate, divided by locomoter velocity.
(mL of oxygen per min) / (m per min) =
mL of oxygen per m
How do you calculate the Net COT?
Find the difference between the total metabolic rate and the resting metabolic rate.
What is “Preferred Velocity”?
The type of movement that an animal will use is just making its way around casually.
This movement is generally close to when COT is minimal.
What is the order of movement location (Water, Air, Land) and cost of transport from least cost to greatest?
Least Cost Greatest Cost
Water –> Air –> Land
Why is bone greater for skeletons than cartilage in land vertebrates?
More sturdy to offer greater support for the increased gravity, and a greater anchor for muscles to develop more strength for the increased movement.
Why are bones makeup (hydroxyapatite) greater than the use of calcite in vertebrates with higher energy movement?
Allows for the anaerobic energy production to take place in bursts of high energy movement, as the acid wastes ‘lactic acid’ would corrode the calcite over time, yet doesn’t corrode bone.
What are the main features of Endochondral bones?
- Begin as cartilage
- Form the long bones in the body
- ## Cartilage is replaced by a calcium phosphate matrix produced by osteoblasts
What are the main features of intramembranous bones?
- Do not begin as cartilage
- Form smaller bones such as clavicle, jaw, some skull bones.
- Form within the dermis or tendons
- Begin from Mesenchyme gel-like matrix
- Osteoblasts get deposited into gel and replace with bone.
What is the ‘epiphyseal’ line?
A section in the spongy bone that acts as a growth plate and was originally the cartilaginous growth centre that was replaced by bone over time.
What is the difference between spongy and compact bone?
Spongy bone is contained within the compact outer and lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns, holds the bone marrow.
Compact bone is the outer edge and has concentrically arranged lamella called “Osteons”, these transport nutrients and oxygen.
What is produced in Red bone marrow?
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets
What is produced in Yellow bone marrow?
Triglyceride (energy) stored in adipose cells including within the bone.
What are the 3 main types of joints?
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What are Fibrous joints for?
Connect bones
Do not allow movement
E.g. skull and pelvis
What are Cartilaginous joints for?
Allow movements between bones attached by cartilage
E.g. spine/ribs
What are Synovial fluid joints for?
Free moving
Cavities between bones filled with synovial fluid
Fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones.
