animal mass transport

Question 1

what is tissue fluid

Answer 1

surrounds cells
water glucose aa fatty acids o2 bathe tissues

Question 2

capillary role in tissue fluid

Answer 2

1 cell thick but have gaps so liquid and small molecules are forced out
blood enters capillaries from arterioles - as small diameter it is at high pressure meaning high hydrostatic pressure forcing out small molecules
large molecules remain

Question 3

tissue fluid reabsorption

Answer 3

large molecules remain lowers the water potential
at venule end low hyd p due to fluid loss
so water enters capillaries via osmosis
rest of it absorbed by lymphatic system which eventually drain it back into blood stream near heart

Question 4

excess TF accumulation

Answer 4

low conc of protiens in blood plasma so the wp is not as low so WPG is reduced ao more tf formed at arteriole end and less water absorbed at venule end
high blood pressure means high hydrostatic pressure
increased outward pressure at arteriole ed so more tf formed
decreased inward pressure at venule end so less water reabsorbed
lymph system cant drain excess fast enough

Question 5

what’s the heart made of

Answer 5

cardiac muscle
myogenic so contracts and relaxes without stimulation
doesnt fatigue as long as supplied with oxygen

Question 6

coronary arteries

Answer 6

supply cardiac muscle with oxygenated blood and they branch of from the aorta
iff they are blocked - won’t get o2 so ant respire and die

Question 7

atria

Answer 7

2 - left and right
thin so cant contract as hard as blood only to ventricles
elastic wall for stretching

Question 8

ventricles

Answer 8

2 - thicker bigger contractions
hbp and blood flow long distances
the right ventricles pumps blood to lungs at low pressure to prevent damage to capillaries and allows time for gas exchange
LV - to body thick walls for large contractions

Question 9

veins

Answer 9

blood to heart
vena cava - deoxygenated blood from body to RA
pulmonary vein - oxygenated blood from lung to left atrium

Question 10

arteries

Answer 10

away from heart
pulmonary artery - deoxygenated blood from RV - lungs
aorta- oxygenated blood from LV to body

Question 11

valves

Answer 11

make sure blood flows in one direction
open when high pressure behind
SLV - aorta and pulmonary artery
AVV - atria and ventricles

Question 12

importance of closed double circulatory system

Answer 12

double manages blood flow pressures
eg lung low pressure to prevent damage to capillaries and allow time for gas exchange

but rest of the body at high pressure - faster so blood reaches all respiring cells so all receive oxygen for aerobic respiration

Question 13

arteries STF

Answer 13

carry blood away from heart to arterioles
thick muscle layer as constrict and dilate to control blood flow
thick walls to prevent vessel bursting due to high pressure
thick elastic to maintain blood pressure

Question 14

arterioles STF

Answer 14

connect to capillaries
thin wall - low pressure - thin elastic
thick muscle to restrict blood flow to capillaries

Question 15

vein STF

Answer 15

thin muscle so cant control blood flow
thin elastic as low pressure
thin walls as low pressure - low risk of bursting and easily flattened helping flow of blood to heart

Question 16

capillaries STF

Answer 16

connect arterioles to veins
no muscle or elastic layer
wall - 1 cell thick - only lining layer for a short diffusion pathway for exchange material between blood and cells

Question 17

diastole

Answer 17

relax
atria and ventricles muscles relax
blood enters the atria via the vena cava and pulmonary vein so high pressure in atria

Question 18

atrial systole

Answer 18

decreased volume in atria
atria muscle contracts = high pressure
AVV open so blood flows into ventricles

Question 19

ventricular systole

Answer 19

short delay
ventricles contract bottom up increasing pressure
volume decreases so AVV shut and SLV open
blood pushed out ventricles into arteries

Question 20

when the av are open…

Answer 20

pressure in atria exceeds ventricle
so blood flows from atria to ventricles

Question 21

when slv open…

Answer 21

pressure in ventricles exceed arteries so blood flow from ventricles to arteries

Question 22

when av are closed..

Answer 22

pressure in ventricle greater than atria
to prevent back flow of blood from ventricles to atria

Question 23

when the slv are closed…

Answer 23

pressure in arteries greater than ventricle
to prevent back flow of blood from artery to ventricles

Question 24

how to calculate heart rate

Answer 24

60/ length of one cardiac cycle

Question 25

how do arterioles regulate blood flow to capillaries

Answer 25

smooth muscle contracts
constrict atertiole lumen

Question 26

why are there larger fluctuations on blood pressure in aorta than small arteries

Answer 26

aorta is close to heart
it has elastic tissue so it stretches and recoils

Question 27

how does heart contribute to formation of tf

Answer 27

contraction of ventricles
high hydrostatic pressure
forcing out water and dissolved substances out of the blood capillaries

Question 28

how can dilation of blood vessels reduce ventricular blood pressure

Answer 28

dilate - larger lumen of blood vessles
reduces blood pressure and less resistance

Question 29

aorta S2F

Answer 29

thick walls withstand pressure
SLV prevent backflow
elastic tissue can stretch smoothing out blood flow
smooth endothelium reduces friction
muscles for contraction

Question 30

describe oxyhemoglobin curve

Answer 30

sigmoid shape
o2 loaded at high partial pressure of 02 eg at alveoli
and unloaded ar low partial pressure of o2 as low affinity
adv bc unload o2 where needed eg respiring tissues for aerobic respiration

Question 31

cooperative binding

Answer 31

1st oxygen binds to HB - hard but changes the shape so easier for subsequent oxygens to bind

Question 32

bohr effect

Answer 32

higher co2 concentration
oxyhb curve shits right
affinity for oxygen decreases as acidic co2 changes haemoglobin’s shape so more unloading

Question 33

foetal hb

Answer 33

higher affinity for o2
as it cant inhale and exhale so only source of o2 is from the mothers hb

Question 34

illamas

Answer 34

high altitudes
lower partial pressure
so higher affinity for o2
curve is to the left so load more oxygen

Question 35

doves

Answer 35

right shift of curve
low affinity for o2
high metabolism as lots of muscle contractions
need more aerobic respiration so more unloading at respiring tissues