2.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

distinguishing feature of euk

A

cytoplasm containing membrane bound organelles
dna enclosed in nucleus

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2
Q

strcutre and function of cell surface membrane

A

hydrophilic phosphate heads attracted to water
hydrophobic fatty acid tails repel water
selectively permeable so control passage of substances in and out of cell
molecules receptors and antigens on surface allowing cell recognition

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3
Q

nucleus

A

nuclear envelope
double membrane
has nuclear pores
stores genetic info coding for polypeptides
site of dna replication
site of transcription producing mrna
nucleolus makes ribosomes and rRNA

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4
Q

ST ribosome

A

made of ribosomal RNA and proteins
not membrane bound
site of protein synthesis

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5
Q
A
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6
Q

RER

A

ribosomes on surface synthesise protiens
protiens processed and transported inside RER
protiens packaged into vesicles for transport

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7
Q

ser

A

synthesise and process lipids
eg cholesterol and steroid hormones

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8
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

modify protiens eg add carbs to produce glycoproteins
modify lipids eg add carbs to make glycolipids
package protiens and lipids into Golgi vesicle
produce lysosomes

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9
Q

Golgi vesicle

A

transport proteins and lipids to required destination
move and fuse with CSM

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10
Q

lysosomes

A

release hydrolytic enzymes
break down pathogens and worn out parts of cell

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11
Q

Mitochondria

A

outer membrane
cristae is the inner membrane fold
matrix containing 70s ribosomes and circular dna
site of aerobic respiration producing app for energy release

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12
Q

chloroplasts

A

double membrane
stroma containing 70s ribosome, thylakoid membrane, circular dna, starch granules
lamella is the thylakoid linking grana
grant are stacks of thylakoids
absorb light energy for photosynthesis to produce organic substances

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13
Q

cell wall in plants algae and fungi

A

mainly of cellulose in plants and algae
chitin in fungi
provide mechanical strength to cell so prevent cell changing shape or bursting under pressure due to osmosis

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14
Q

cell vacuole

A

tonoplast membrane and cell sap
maintain turgor pressure in cell
cell sap store sugars AA pigment and waste chemicals

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15
Q

euk cell

A

membrane bound organelles
nucleus containing dna and dna is long and linear associated with histones
80s ribosomes in cytoplasm
cellulose or chitin cell walls
no plasmids

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16
Q

Prokaryotes

A

no membrane bound organelles
no nucleus so dna is free in cytoplasm
dna is short and circular no histone
70s ribosomes
cell wall murein

17
Q

virus why’s it described as a cellular and non living

A

a cellular as not made of cells no cell membrane cytoplasm
non living no metabolism cant independently respire

18
Q

general structure of virus

A

nucleic acid surrounded by capsid
AP attach to specific host cells
no cyto ribosome
sometimes surrounded by lipid envelope

19
Q

optical microscopes

A

light focused using glass lenses
light passes through specimen and different structures absorb different wavelengths and amounts

20
Q

optical pros and cons

A

2d
low resolution bc long wavelength of light
cant see internal strucutres
thin specimen
low magnification 1500
can see living organism in colour and simple prep

21
Q

TEM

A

electrons focused using electromagnets
electrons pass through specimen and denser parts absorb more and appear darker

22
Q

TEM pros and cons

A

2d image
very high resolution as short wavelength of electrons
can see internal strucutres
v thin specimen
high mag 1000000
dead organisms in vacuum
complex prep no colour

23
Q

SEM

A

electrons focused using electromagnets
electrons deflected and bounce of specimen surface

24
Q

SEM pros and cons

A

3d
high resolution as short wavelength of electrons
cant see internal structures
specimen doesnt need to be thin
high mag 1000000
dead vacuumed organisms
complex prep
no colour

25
Q

magnification formula

A

size of image divided by actual size

26
Q

units order

A

M
MM
UM
NM
times a 1000 each time up to down

27
Q

size of object viewed by optical microscope

A

line up eye piece graticule with stage micrometer
calibrate eyepiece graticule - use stage mircometre to calc size of dvisions on eyepiece graticule
take eyepiece away and use graticule to measure how many divisions make up object
calc size of object - multiply no of divsions by size of divsions
recalibrate eyepeice graticule at dif magnifications
i

28
Q

cell fractionation

A

homogenise tissue using blender
distrupts cell memb and breaks cell open releasing contents
place in
cold to stop enzyme activity so organelles not broken or damaged
isotonic so water doesnt move in and out by osmosis so they dont burst
buffered to keep ph constant so enzymes dont denature
filter homogenate to remove large unwanted debris

29
Q

ultracentrifugation

A

separate organelles in order of density and mass
centrifuge homogenate at hifh spped
remove pellet of heaviest organelles respin supernantant at higher speed
repeat at higher speeds until seperated out each time pellet made of lighter organelles
nuclei chloro mito lyso ER ribo

30
Q

Describe how you could make a temporary mount of a piece of plant tissue to observe the
position of starch grains in the cells when using an optical (light) microscope.

A

add drop of water to glass slide
obtain thin section of plant tissue and place on slide
stain with iodine in potassium iodide
lower coverslip using mounted needle