Animal Management and Welfare

Question 1

Clinical examination of the cow

Head examination (Examination (5), Normal result, pathological findings)

Answer 1

Question 2

Clinical examination of cow

Neck examination (Examination (4), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 2

Question 3

Clinical examination of cow

Heart examination (Examination (1), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 3

Question 4

Clinical examination of cow

Lungs examination (Examination (1), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 4

Question 5

Clinical examination of cow

Left trunk examination - rumen (Examination(4), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 5

Question 6

Clinical examination of cow

Right trunk examination - omasum and abomasum (Examination (3), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 6

Question 7

Clinical examination of cow

Perineum examination (Examination (4), Normal result, Pathological findings)

Answer 7

Question 8

Clinical examination of cow

Udder and Scrotum/Testes examination (Examination (Udder - 5, sctotum - 1), Normal results, Pathological findings)

Answer 8

Question 9

Cattle routine procedures

a) IM injection sites
b) Subcutaneous injection sites
c) IV injection sites
d) Blood sampling sites
e) Methods of oral administration

Answer 9

a) Neck (common in beef cattle as less valuable meat), Gluteals (common), Triceps (uncommon), Semimembranosus/semitendinosis (uncommon, small volumes)
b) Neck, Shoulder region (safer in head crush)
c) Jugular vein (common), Middle caudal vein (tail vein) for small volumes, Mammary vein (only emergency), Cephalic or dorsal metatarsal (occasionally in calves if jugular veins are thrombosed)
d) Jugular vein, Tail vein
e) Bolus (balling) guns, Drench guns, Stomach tubes (relieves rumen bloat and rumen fluid collection)

Question 10

Cattle routine procedures

a) Caudal epidural anaesthesia
b) Blood/plasma transfusions

Answer 10

a) Common sites for administration: between Cd1-Cd2, can be S5-Cd1 (first movable joint). Dose is 1ml/100kg local anaesthetic
b) Donor can give 10-15ml blood per kg. In anaemic cow, 5L donated blood can raise PVC from 10%-14% (life-threatening to survival). Use catheter to donate over 30-45 mins

Question 11

Cattle routine procedures

Methods of Disbudding/Dehorning

Answer 11

• Disbudding recommended by 2 weeks of age
• Corneal nerve block + ring block around horn
• Avoid dehorning during fly season

Question 12

Cattle routine procedures

Methods of castration and possible complication

Answer 12

Complication - Scirrhous cord:
- Retention and infection of testicular tunics following infection
- Requires blunt dissection of scirrhous cord
- Spermatic cord ligated and incised, removing infected tissue

Question 13

Cattle routine procedures

a) Bull ringing procedure
b) Supernumerary teat removal (restraint and anaesthesia, and technique)
c) Abscess drainage

Answer 13

a) 1. Bull in crush and sedated 2. Infra-orbital nerve block 3. Local anaesthetic at site 4. Fibrous septum punched, ring placed and secured 5. Antibiotic cream post-op
b) Restraint - dorsal recumbency in younger animals, standing in older. Anaesthetic - cattle > 3 months. Surgical technique: Isolated teats removed with burdizzo and shark scissors. Haemorrhage uncommon, but buturing may be required in adults
c) 1. Abscess drained using liberal (>5cm) incision 2. Incision should end at most dependent site 3. Large necrotic lumps and debris removed 4. Cavity flushed with antiseptic solution daily for 7 days