Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Year 2 > Animal Management > Flashcards

Animal Management Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of animals used in lab research?

A

Mice
Fish
Birds
Rats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cruelty to animals act 1876

A

Protects animals and controls research - no longer in action, replaced by A(SP)A 1986

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Social contract & animal research

A

Harm to animals prohibited by animal welfare act 2006

Special laws empower certain people to carry out animal harms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Concordat - openness on animal research

A
  1. Clear about how and why we use animals
  2. Communicate with media and public
  3. Provide opportunities for the public to find out about research
  4. Report progress annually
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

A(SP)A

A

Grants scientists a temporary legal immunity from animal welfare act

Research must not brag ASPA conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Laws for animal research

A

Animal welfare act 2006
Veterinary surgeons act 1996
The animal for scientific procedures Act (ASPA) 1986

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Animal welfare act 2006

A
  • if any harm is caused to the animal
  • suffering is unnecessary
  • if it could have been avoided
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Veterinary surgeons act 1966

A

Grants vets a temporary legal immunity from prosecution for causing harm or potential harm to animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does the The animal for scientific procedures act (ASPA) 1986 do?

A

Protects animals bred and used for research

  • what animals are protected
  • what is a scientific procedure
  • licenses for people the work
  • roles of those involved
  • training requirements
  • sources, care of & killing of animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the protected animals for research?

A

All living vertebrates, except man
All cephalopods
(Maybe decapods)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a regulated procedure?

A

Any procedure that may cause pain suffering distress or lasting harm

Scientific purpose must have a project license

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What type of licences fall under ASPA 1986?

A

Establishment
Personal
Project

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the ASPA establishment license ?

A

Lists named persons at research site

What facilities are available
Designates rooms with specific uses - stocking density, environmental conditions etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the ASPA personal licence ?

A

Permission to carry out specific regulated procedures
Training record to document competency
MUST have a PIL to work under a PPL and the ASPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What animals are given additional protection?

A

Non human primates
Dogs
Cats
Horses

Because of the social contract - people have humanised them

Need more justification to do the research on these species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 5 main categories of the ASPA personal licence?

A

A: procedures in conscious animal
B: procedures with brief anaesthetics
C: surgical procedures & anaesthetics over 15 mins
D: surgical procedures with neuromuscular blocking agents
E: specific procedures under one project

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ASPA project licence:
How long valid for?
Reviewed by who?
Must follow what?

A

Valid for 5 years
Reviewed by AWERB and home office
Must follow the 3Rs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is covered in an ASPA project licence ?

A
  • project licence holder
  • places
  • scientific background
  • plan of work (justifying protocols, 3Rs, special species)
  • protocols
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What research is allowed?

A

Basic scientific research
Translational or applied research
Development or safety testing of products
Protection of natural environment
Research to preserve species
Higher education training
Forensic enquiries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What research is NOT allowed?

A

Research on great apes (banned 1986)
Cosmetics (banned 1998)
Use of endangered species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

4 main severity categories for procedures

A
  1. Non recovery (anaesthetised at start and euthanised at end)
  2. Mild (no significant impairment to wellbeing; short term mild pain suffering distress; insertion of hypodermic needle)
  3. Moderate (short term moderate psdlh; moderately impairment to wellbeing; any act of surgery)
  4. Severe (severe or long lasting psdlh; severe impairment to wellbeing)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What clinical signs can be used for signs of pain and reaching limits and human endpoints?

A

Weight
BCS
Piloerection
Behaviour
Hunching
Mucous membranes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Application of the 3Rs

A
  1. Replace (explored alternative options)
  2. Reduce (minimise number of animals used)
  3. Refine (pain relief, enrichment, most refined approach)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Laboratory animal management

A

Five freedoms met as much as possible

Specific guidelines in the code of practice

Ensure good enrichment and good health

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Who reviews the project licence?

A

AWERB (& home office)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Who makes up the AWERB panel?

A

Researcher
Personal licence holder
Statistician
Names vet surgeon
Surgical technicians
Named animal care and welfare officer
Lay member

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What does the AWERB researcher do?

A

Specialist knowledge
Reviewing:
- justification
- plans
- statistical validity
- viability of alternatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What does AWERB named vet do?

A

Experienced in multiple projects
Should have carried out their own research
Review:
- surgical and anaesthesia protocols
- human endpoints
- potential risks
- appropriate severity is applied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What does an AWERB named animal care officer do?

A

Experienced in husbandry for apt species
Review:
- suitability of housing
- clear endpoints
- assess adverse effects
- maintains welfare without hitting severity limit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Humane euthanasia under ASPA

A

All personnel should know how to do a Sch1 euthanasia = overdose of GA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the five freedoms?

A

Freedom from pain and disease
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom to express natural behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom from discomfort

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Type of Lab animal environments

A

Biosecurity:
germ free / no pathogens

SOPF

SPF
- these will be housed in IVC (individual cages)

conventional - exposed to everything

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Types of snakes

A

Colubrids (corn / milk snake)
Boids (boa and pythons)
Viperids (vipers / rattle snakes)
Elapids (cobras)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Types of lizards

A

Geckos (crested, leopard)
Agamids (bearded dragon)
Iguana (green)
Monitors (savannah)
Skinks (blue tongued)
Chameleons (veiled, panther)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Types of chelonians

A

Tortoises (med, Greek)
Terrapins
Box turtles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How to sex a snake ?

A

Probe or everting the hemipenes - 6-15 scales MALE
2-6 scales Female
Boids have spurs at the vent - large in males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What to be aware of when handling lizards?

A

Autotomy (tail falls off)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How do chill out a lizard if stressed?

A

Vaso-vagal reflex

Apply gentle pressure to both eyeballs
Stimulates autonomic NS to reduce HR BP AND RR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What zoonotic risk comes from handling reptiles?

A

Salmonella spp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

How to sex a lizard?

A

Some are sexually dimorphic
Males - large crest and dewlaps or prominent pre-femoral pores or hemipenal bulge at base of tail
Females - swollen calcium stores (geckos)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where should you hold the shell of a Chelonian?

A

Femoral fossae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

How to sex a chelonian

A

Males:
Longer tails
Distal vent
Concave plastron

Eastern box turtles - males red iris / females yellow iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How do reptiles regulate their body temperature?

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the preferred optimum temperature zone?

A

Temp range which physiological processes function best

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How should the preferred optimum temperate zone be for reptiles?

A

Temperature gradient - horizontal and/or vertical
Basking area at warm end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What heat sources do reptiles need?

A

Primary and secondary heat source

Heat may
Heat lamp
Thermostat to control temp

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How to provide humidity?

A

Damp substrate
Spraying / misting
Water features
Water bowls on heat pads
(Ventilation shouldn’t be compromised)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What can low humidity cause?

A

Renal failure in iguanas
Dysecdysis in snakes and lizards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What can excessive humidity cause?

A

Bacterial and fungal dermatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

How do reptiles uptake vitamin D?

A

Herbivore lizards and tortoises have poor uptake of vitamin D

Vitamin d removed from skin and stored in liver then to kidneys to be metabolised into vitamin d3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What type of UV should bulbs provide?

A

UV B

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What distance should uv bulbs be placed in basking areas?

A

Within 30-45 cms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

How often should you replace uv bulbs?

A

6-12months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What effect does UV A have in reptiles?

A

Behavioural effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Where should UV lamps and heat lambs be placed?

A

Together!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How far should uv lamps be placed?

A

Within 6 inches

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

Substrate for reptiles

A

Newspaper
Soil leaf litter
Large bark chips (not cedar)
Sand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Why do females need access to suitable substrate?

A

Oviposition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Why is photoperiod important to reptiles?

A

For breeding
- seasonal differences
- tropical species (reduce hours of lighting in winter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Vivarium designs

A

Branches for arboreal species
Suitable substrate for burrowing
Places to hide for security
Abrasive surface for snakes to shed
Water bowls / pools
Should be easy to clean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is the risk of using finer substrate (sand)?

A

Can ingest and will eventually cause an impaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Snake diets

A

Eat whole prey
Illegal to feed live prey

Garter snakes fed fish - supplement with thiamine

Smaller snakes fed more frequently than larger ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Lizard and chelonian diets

A

Carnivorous
Insectivorous
Herbivorous
Omnivorous
- vary depending on life stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Insectivorous

A

Invertebrates
- Crickets, mealworms - have poor calcium phosphorus ratio
Should be dusted with vitamin and mineral supplement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Herbivorous

A

High fibre weeds (75-95%) grasses and veggies (5-15%)
Calcium:phosphorus ratio important
- should be 2:1

Vitamin and mineral supplements needed

LIMIT fruit (<10%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the common husbandry related diseases in reptiles?

A

Dysecdysis
Abscesses / infection
Bladder stones / renal disease - chronic dehydration
Pre or post ovulatory egg stasis
GI impaction
Cloacal prolapses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Common nutritional disease in reptile?

A

Metabolic bone disease (lizards and chelonians)
Insufficient calcium
Poor Ca:Phos ratio
Lack of UV light
Vitamin A deficiency (tortoises & geckos)
Obesity / hepatic lipidosis
Periodontal disease (lizards acrodont)

68
Q

Why is substrate important for female reptiles

A

Because they need a safe space to lay their eggs

Will end up with retained eggs

69
Q

Mediterranean tortoises

A
  • do not mix species
    Long lived herbivores
    They hibernate
    Need both outdoor and indoor enclosures
    Must be open topped indoor pen (spring & autumn)
    Outdoor enclosure in the summer
70
Q

Tortoise outdoor enclosure

A

Do not put on grass
Large, dry, well drained
Substrate to burrow in
Rocks, plants for shade
Basking areas
Secure and predator proof

71
Q

Tortoise indoor enclosure

A

Well ventilated
Suitable substrate
POTZ 20-28 Celsius - decrease to 15-20 at night
Heat lamp and UV lamp basking spot

72
Q

Mediterranean tortoise diet

A

100% herbivorous
High fibre, low protein, low sugar, high calcium

Variety of non toxic weeds, leafy greens, flowers (no lettuce)
- red/purple dead nettle

Good Ca : Phosphorus ratio
Use calcium supplement daily

73
Q

What is the most common tortoise pet ?

A

Horsfields

74
Q

Why is it important not to mix tortoise species?

A

Because of diseases such as herpes can be asymptomatic to one but harmful to another

75
Q

Why is it important to get Mediterranean tortoise diets right?

A

Metabolic bone disease
Accelerated growth carapacial deformities

76
Q

Hibernation of tortoises

A

Pre hibernation check advised
Fast before hibernation to empty GIT (2-4weeks)
Bathe daily to ensure adequate hydration
Max 3 months
Temp approx 5 Celsius
1-2% weight loss / month
Fridge or well insulated predator proof box

77
Q

Post hibernation - tortoises

A

Warm baths daily to encourage drinking and urinating

Should eat within 1-2 days
Anorexia common

Can turn into stomatitis, rhinitis and renal failure

78
Q

Red eared terrapins

A

Semi aquatic
30yrs
Rapidly outgrow small tanks
Indoor tank; pond; outdoor pool
Robust filtration system for water quality
Water temp 22-28 Celsius
Dry basking spot 28-32 Celsius
UVB light source
Soil gravel substrate (females)

79
Q

Red eared terrapins diet

A

Opportunistic omnivores
Juvenile more carnivorous
Feed 2-3x weekly
Pellets
Earthworms
Fish (sometimes)
Gut loaded dusted insects

80
Q

Bearded dragons

A

Diurnal terrestrial
Omnivores
10-15years
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
Basking spot 35-50 Celsius
Night 21-24 Celsius
Low humidity 30-40%
UVB essential
Climbing and hiding spots
Newspaper / sand substrate - avoid wood chips
Secluded nesting area with damp sand

81
Q

Bearded dragons diet

A

Insectivorous
Veggie as grow older
Gut load and dust insects
Adults - leafy greens, veg, occasional insects
Juveniles fed daily
Adults 2-3x week
Obesity and dental disease common

82
Q

Leopard geckos

A

Nocturnal
Insectivorous
15-20 years
POTZ 25-30 Celsius
Heat pad at one end of vivarium
Low humidity 30-40%
Check toes for ecdysis
UVB advisable
Gut loaded and dusted insects

83
Q

Chameleons

A

Easily stressed
Arboreal insectivorous
POTZ 22-32 Celsius
Basking spot 30-35 Celsius
Humidity varies 50-75%
UVB essential
Well ventilated
Lots of plants and branches
Drink water from dripping or misting system
Gut loaded dusted insects
Females prone to repro problems

84
Q

Green iguana

A

Large
Arboreal herbivorous
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
High humidity 75-100%
UVB essential
Very large enclosures with branches and pool
100% veggies
- weeds leafy greens with calcium supplement

85
Q

Corn / rat snakes

A

10-15 years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-30
Humidity 30-70%
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding spots
Suitable sized rodents every 5-10 days
Don’t feed / disturb when shedding
Water bowl to submerge
Cool to 10-15 degrees for 3 months breeding

86
Q

Royal python

A

25-35years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-40
Humidity 50-80%
- higher when shedding
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding
Suitable sized rodents every 1-2 weeks
Do not feed / disturb when shedding
Try feeding at night

87
Q

What factors affect poultry performance?

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Stocking density
Sex
Age
Temperature
Disease
Welfare

88
Q

Indications of stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers

A

Hyperactivity
Pacing
Pecking
Over drinking
High feeding motivation
Increased plasma corticosterone

89
Q

What are the solutions to stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers?

A

Environmental enrichment
Scattering food

90
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beak trimming chickens?

A

Advantages:
- no open wounds
- reduced stress
- reduced operator error
- reduced feather pecking
- improved feeding behaviour

Disadvantages:
- acute and chronic pain
- behaviour changes

91
Q

How does a diet deficient in fats affect poultry?

A

Zero hatchability
Respiratory infections
Poor egg production
Small egg size
Low fertility

92
Q

What are the symptoms of amino acid (protein) deficiency in poultry?

A

Feather abnormalities (arginine)
Loss of pigmentation (lysine)
Injurious pecking (laying hens - methionine and cysteine)

93
Q

What amino acids are required for poultry feather growth & maintenance?

A

Methionine & cysteine

94
Q

What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain and produce eggs & shell?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Protein

95
Q

What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain poultry bone health ?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Omega 3 and 6

96
Q

What are routine treatments for backyard poultry?

A

Wing clipping - once a year/ one wing
Beak tipping
Claw tripping
Spurs filed and trimmed
Bareback hens - canvas or leather saddles

97
Q

Causes and treatments of diarrhoea in backyard poultry?

A

Causes: coccidiosis, viruses, bacterial, high protein diet

Treatment:
Biostop (Imodium)
Clean drinking water
Reduce treats
Remove wet bedding

98
Q

Symptoms and treatment of infectious coryza in poultry?

A

Symptoms:
Facial and wattle swelling
Eye and nasal discharge
Sinusitis, sneezing, dyspnoea
Poor BCS & appetite
Reduced egg production

Treatment:
Antibiotics
Vaccinate

99
Q

Symptoms and treatment of mycoplasmosis?

A

Symptoms
Coughing, gasping
Nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis
Poor BCS
Swollen joints
Mortality

Treatment
Antibiotics

100
Q

Symptoms and treatment of infectious bronchitis?

A

Symptoms
Coughing sneezing rattling
Nasal discharge
Facial swelling
Conjunctivitis
Decreased egg production
Misshapen, thin eggshells

Treatment
Only severe infections treatable with antibiotics
Vax

101
Q

Symptoms and prevention of parasites in poultry?

A

Symptoms
Weight loss
Depression
Poor condition
Lameness

Prevention
Routine working
Resting land
Don’t overstock

102
Q

How many pigs worldwide?

A

980 million

103
Q

What percentage of UK pig breeding herds are outside?

104
Q

Average size of pig outdoor holding?

105
Q

Average size of pig indoor holding?

106
Q

Age of sow at 1st litter

107
Q

Average pig litter size

108
Q

Average piglet birth weight?

109
Q

How many litters do pigs have a year?

110
Q

Mean piglet weaning age?

111
Q

Mean piglet weaning weight?

112
Q

Finishing weight for pork?

113
Q

Finishing weight for cutters?

114
Q

Finishing weight for bacon?

115
Q

Finishing weight for heavy hogs - pies and processed meat

116
Q

What is the pig kill out percentage? (% of carcass used)

117
Q

What is liveweight?

A

How much the pig weighs

118
Q

What does dressed weight mean? (Pigs)

A

Weight of useful products

119
Q

Gestation period of pigs?

A

115 days (3wks, 3mths, 3days)

120
Q

Options for herd replacement (pigs)

A

Within own here

Purchased in

121
Q

Climate change: what are mitigation strategies?

A

Anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (anything to slow down climate change)

122
Q

Climate change: what is adaptation strategies?

A

Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects

123
Q

What does climate change have effects on?

A

Sea life
All animals
Biodiversity loss
Global land change

124
Q

Solutions for animals in climate change?

A

Species migration - active translocation hard combine with a corridor for wildlife so they can move to better locations

125
Q

What are the biggest risks to companion animals with climate change?

A

Heat related illness:-
Risk factors are:
Age
Obesity
Breed (brachy)

126
Q

What are the biggest risks to farm animals with climate change?

A

Heat stress
Low forage availability

127
Q

What are some solutions for heat stress on on farms?

A

Technical and management changes
Systemic changes
More tress
Artificial shelters
Sprinklers
Breeds more heat resistant

128
Q

Main roles of kennel club

A

Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance
(Insurance)
(Microchipping)
(Find a puppy)
(Educational)

129
Q

Role of kennel club with dog registration?

A

Keeps formal register of pedigree dogs
Must join KC to enter shows
Keeps an activity register
Overseas registration
Breed registration statistics

130
Q

How does kennel club promote health and welfare?

A

Assured breeder scheme
Reporting of caesars
Reporting of conformation altering surgeries
Breed health and conservation plans
BVA/KC clinical screening schemes
The breed A-Z
Official dna testing schemes
Online health resources
The KC academy
Breeding guidelines

131
Q

What are the main kennel club health schemes?

A

Hip scoring scheme - hip dysplasia
Elbow scoring scheme - elbow dysplasia
Eye scheme - eye diseases
Chiari malformation/ Syringomyelia
Respiratory function grading scheme
Heart scheme

132
Q

What are the main roles of kennel club?

A

Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance

133
Q

Within the animal welfare regulations, who regulates the breeding of dogs?

A

Local authority (council)

134
Q

Definition of a breeder?

A

Bitch or bitches give birth to three or more litters in any 12-month period

135
Q

What are the kennel clubs breeding resources and health schemes ?

A

Assured breeder scheme
Breed health and conservation plans
Clinical screening schemes
Official DNA testing schemes
Breeding guidelines
Reporting of caesarean sections
Reporting of confirmation altering surgeries

136
Q

What are the main kennel club health schemes?

A

Hip scoring
Elbow scoring
Eye scheme
Respiratory function grading
Heart scheme

137
Q

What are the pros and cons of selection pressure in breeding?

A

Pro: desirable traits
Con: health related genes can be lost

138
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

The accumulation of small conditions leading to a decrease in general health

139
Q

What is the coefficient of inbreeding?

A

Probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical by descent

140
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical with a full sibling mating or parent/offspring mating?

141
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a half sibling mating?

142
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a mating of 1st cousins?

143
Q

What is the core area for cats?

A

Where cats sleep rest and feel secure
Shared with same social group
Marked by face and flank rubbing

144
Q

How do other cats signal their hunting area?

A

Urine spraying - time share

145
Q

What are location preferences for cats toileting ?

A

Secluded area
Away from food and rest areas
Not shared
Diggable substrate

146
Q

How are cats eyes adapted for sight?

A

Large eyes
Tapetum lucidum
Far sighted
Slow focus for hunting prey

147
Q

How are cats ears adapted for hearing?

A

Detect ultrasonic calls of small rodents
Ears move independently
Ridges in ear to detect distance and height

148
Q

How are cats sense of smell adapted for hunting?

A

More sensitive
Scent glands all over body
Vomeronasal organ

149
Q

What 3 main factors affect behaviour in dogs?

A

Genetics
Learning
Physiology/pathological

150
Q

What stage of a dogs life is most important for leaning ?

151
Q

What facial language is this showing?

A

Aggression

152
Q

When a dogs head is held below body level what behaviour is this representing?

A

Scared/fearful

153
Q

Dog: stiff, slow tail wag means what?

A

Not happy to be greeted

154
Q

What visual signs to look for in a fearful cat?

A

Slightly turned ears, lowering them
Back arching
Mild face tension
Feet closer to body
Make self smaller

Back arched
Ears flat
Ready to pounce!

155
Q

When is the socialisation period for dogs?

A

12-14 weeks

156
Q

When is the socialisation period for cats?

157
Q

What is the process of making a protein?

A

Replication of DNA
Transcription of DNA to RNA
translation of RNA to protein

158
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

Helicase unwinds to make replication fork
Makes a lagging and leading strand

159
Q

Describe DNA transcription

A

Transcription factors & RNA polymerase bind to promoter region

RNA nucleotides linked to DNA by sugar phosphate backbone

RNA strand released

160
Q

Describe translation

A

Ribosomes bind to 5’ of mRNA

Transfer RNA of amino acids interact with codons to make polypeptide chain

Stop codon = protein made

161
Q

What does acetylation of dna do?

A

transcription activation

162
Q

What does deacetylation of dna do?

A

Inhibits transcription

163
Q

What can targeted DNA amplification be used for?

A

Determine presence/absence of target genes

164
Q

What are primers?

A

Short sequences of single stranded DNA

165
Q

What are primers used for?

A

Use with DNA polymerase to amplify specific DNA fragments for assays

166
Q

What is isometric growth?

A

Scaled up version of animal (fish)

167
Q

What is allometric growth?

A

Different parts grow at different speeds

Year 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions