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Year 2 > Animal Management > Flashcards

Animal Management Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of animals used in lab research?

A

Mice
Fish
Birds
Rats

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2
Q

Cruelty to animals act 1876

A

Protects animals and controls research - no longer in action, replaced by A(SP)A 1986

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3
Q

Social contract & animal research

A

Harm to animals prohibited by animal welfare act 2006

Special laws empower certain people to carry out animal harms

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4
Q

Concordat - openness on animal research

A
  1. Clear about how and why we use animals
  2. Communicate with media and public
  3. Provide opportunities for the public to find out about research
  4. Report progress annually
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5
Q

A(SP)A

A

Grants scientists a temporary legal immunity from animal welfare act

Research must not brag ASPA conditions

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6
Q

Laws for animal research

A

Animal welfare act 2006
Veterinary surgeons act 1996
The animal for scientific procedures Act (ASPA) 1986

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7
Q

Animal welfare act 2006

A
  • if any harm is caused to the animal
  • suffering is unnecessary
  • if it could have been avoided
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8
Q

Veterinary surgeons act 1966

A

Grants vets a temporary legal immunity from prosecution for causing harm or potential harm to animals

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9
Q

What does the The animal for scientific procedures act (ASPA) 1986 do?

A

Protects animals bred and used for research

  • what animals are protected
  • what is a scientific procedure
  • licenses for people the work
  • roles of those involved
  • training requirements
  • sources, care of & killing of animals
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10
Q

What are the protected animals for research?

A

All living vertebrates, except man
All cephalopods
(Maybe decapods)

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11
Q

What is a regulated procedure?

A

Any procedure that may cause pain suffering distress or lasting harm

Scientific purpose must have a project license

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12
Q

What type of licences fall under ASPA 1986?

A

Establishment
Personal
Project

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13
Q

What is the ASPA establishment license ?

A

Lists named persons at research site

What facilities are available
Designates rooms with specific uses - stocking density, environmental conditions etc

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14
Q

What is the ASPA personal licence ?

A

Permission to carry out specific regulated procedures
Training record to document competency
MUST have a PIL to work under a PPL and the ASPA

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15
Q

What animals are given additional protection?

A

Non human primates
Dogs
Cats
Horses

Because of the social contract - people have humanised them

Need more justification to do the research on these species

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16
Q

What are the 5 main categories of the ASPA personal licence?

A

A: procedures in conscious animal
B: procedures with brief anaesthetics
C: surgical procedures & anaesthetics over 15 mins
D: surgical procedures with neuromuscular blocking agents
E: specific procedures under one project

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17
Q

ASPA project licence:
How long valid for?
Reviewed by who?
Must follow what?

A

Valid for 5 years
Reviewed by AWERB and home office
Must follow the 3Rs

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18
Q

What is covered in an ASPA project licence ?

A
  • project licence holder
  • places
  • scientific background
  • plan of work (justifying protocols, 3Rs, special species)
  • protocols
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19
Q

What research is allowed?

A

Basic scientific research
Translational or applied research
Development or safety testing of products
Protection of natural environment
Research to preserve species
Higher education training
Forensic enquiries

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20
Q

What research is NOT allowed?

A

Research on great apes (banned 1986)
Cosmetics (banned 1998)
Use of endangered species

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21
Q

4 main severity categories for procedures

A
  1. Non recovery (anaesthetised at start and euthanised at end)
  2. Mild (no significant impairment to wellbeing; short term mild pain suffering distress; insertion of hypodermic needle)
  3. Moderate (short term moderate psdlh; moderately impairment to wellbeing; any act of surgery)
  4. Severe (severe or long lasting psdlh; severe impairment to wellbeing)
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22
Q

What clinical signs can be used for signs of pain and reaching limits and human endpoints?

A

Weight
BCS
Piloerection
Behaviour
Hunching
Mucous membranes

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23
Q

Application of the 3Rs

A
  1. Replace (explored alternative options)
  2. Reduce (minimise number of animals used)
  3. Refine (pain relief, enrichment, most refined approach)
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24
Q

Laboratory animal management

A

Five freedoms met as much as possible

Specific guidelines in the code of practice

Ensure good enrichment and good health

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25
Q

Who reviews the project licence?

A

AWERB (& home office)

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26
Q

Who makes up the AWERB panel?

A

Researcher
Personal licence holder
Statistician
Names vet surgeon
Surgical technicians
Named animal care and welfare officer
Lay member

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27
Q

What does the AWERB researcher do?

A

Specialist knowledge
Reviewing:
- justification
- plans
- statistical validity
- viability of alternatives

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28
Q

What does AWERB named vet do?

A

Experienced in multiple projects
Should have carried out their own research
Review:
- surgical and anaesthesia protocols
- human endpoints
- potential risks
- appropriate severity is applied

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29
Q

What does an AWERB named animal care officer do?

A

Experienced in husbandry for apt species
Review:
- suitability of housing
- clear endpoints
- assess adverse effects
- maintains welfare without hitting severity limit

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30
Q

Humane euthanasia under ASPA

A

All personnel should know how to do a Sch1 euthanasia = overdose of GA

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31
Q

What are the five freedoms?

A

Freedom from pain and disease
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom to express natural behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
Freedom from discomfort

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32
Q

Type of Lab animal environments

A

Biosecurity:
germ free / no pathogens

SOPF

SPF
- these will be housed in IVC (individual cages)

conventional - exposed to everything

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33
Q

Types of snakes

A

Colubrids (corn / milk snake)
Boids (boa and pythons)
Viperids (vipers / rattle snakes)
Elapids (cobras)

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34
Q

Types of lizards

A

Geckos (crested, leopard)
Agamids (bearded dragon)
Iguana (green)
Monitors (savannah)
Skinks (blue tongued)
Chameleons (veiled, panther)

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35
Q

Types of chelonians

A

Tortoises (med, Greek)
Terrapins
Box turtles

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36
Q

How to sex a snake ?

A

Probe or everting the hemipenes - 6-15 scales MALE
2-6 scales Female
Boids have spurs at the vent - large in males

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37
Q

What to be aware of when handling lizards?

A

Autotomy (tail falls off)

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38
Q

How do chill out a lizard if stressed?

A

Vaso-vagal reflex

Apply gentle pressure to both eyeballs
Stimulates autonomic NS to reduce HR BP AND RR

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39
Q

What zoonotic risk comes from handling reptiles?

A

Salmonella spp

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40
Q

How to sex a lizard?

A

Some are sexually dimorphic
Males - large crest and dewlaps or prominent pre-femoral pores or hemipenal bulge at base of tail
Females - swollen calcium stores (geckos)

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41
Q

Where should you hold the shell of a Chelonian?

A

Femoral fossae

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42
Q

How to sex a chelonian

A

Males:
Longer tails
Distal vent
Concave plastron

Eastern box turtles - males red iris / females yellow iris

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43
Q

How do reptiles regulate their body temperature?

A

Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Evaporation

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44
Q

What is the preferred optimum temperature zone?

A

Temp range which physiological processes function best

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45
Q

How should the preferred optimum temperate zone be for reptiles?

A

Temperature gradient - horizontal and/or vertical
Basking area at warm end

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46
Q

What heat sources do reptiles need?

A

Primary and secondary heat source

Heat may
Heat lamp
Thermostat to control temp

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47
Q

How to provide humidity?

A

Damp substrate
Spraying / misting
Water features
Water bowls on heat pads
(Ventilation shouldn’t be compromised)

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48
Q

What can low humidity cause?

A

Renal failure in iguanas
Dysecdysis in snakes and lizards

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49
Q

What can excessive humidity cause?

A

Bacterial and fungal dermatitis

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50
Q

How do reptiles uptake vitamin D?

A

Herbivore lizards and tortoises have poor uptake of vitamin D

Vitamin d removed from skin and stored in liver then to kidneys to be metabolised into vitamin d3

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51
Q

What type of UV should bulbs provide?

A

UV B

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52
Q

What distance should uv bulbs be placed in basking areas?

A

Within 30-45 cms

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53
Q

How often should you replace uv bulbs?

A

6-12months

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54
Q

What effect does UV A have in reptiles?

A

Behavioural effects

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55
Q

Where should UV lamps and heat lambs be placed?

A

Together!

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56
Q

How far should uv lamps be placed?

A

Within 6 inches

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57
Q

Substrate for reptiles

A

Newspaper
Soil leaf litter
Large bark chips (not cedar)
Sand

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58
Q

Why do females need access to suitable substrate?

A

Oviposition

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59
Q

Why is photoperiod important to reptiles?

A

For breeding
- seasonal differences
- tropical species (reduce hours of lighting in winter)

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60
Q

Vivarium designs

A

Branches for arboreal species
Suitable substrate for burrowing
Places to hide for security
Abrasive surface for snakes to shed
Water bowls / pools
Should be easy to clean

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61
Q

What is the risk of using finer substrate (sand)?

A

Can ingest and will eventually cause an impaction

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62
Q

Snake diets

A

Eat whole prey
Illegal to feed live prey

Garter snakes fed fish - supplement with thiamine

Smaller snakes fed more frequently than larger ones

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63
Q

Lizard and chelonian diets

A

Carnivorous
Insectivorous
Herbivorous
Omnivorous
- vary depending on life stage

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64
Q

Insectivorous

A

Invertebrates
- Crickets, mealworms - have poor calcium phosphorus ratio
Should be dusted with vitamin and mineral supplement

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65
Q

Herbivorous

A

High fibre weeds (75-95%) grasses and veggies (5-15%)
Calcium:phosphorus ratio important
- should be 2:1

Vitamin and mineral supplements needed

LIMIT fruit (<10%)

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66
Q

What are the common husbandry related diseases in reptiles?

A

Dysecdysis
Abscesses / infection
Bladder stones / renal disease - chronic dehydration
Pre or post ovulatory egg stasis
GI impaction
Cloacal prolapses

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67
Q

Common nutritional disease in reptile?

A

Metabolic bone disease (lizards and chelonians)
Insufficient calcium
Poor Ca:Phos ratio
Lack of UV light
Vitamin A deficiency (tortoises & geckos)
Obesity / hepatic lipidosis
Periodontal disease (lizards acrodont)

68
Q

Why is substrate important for female reptiles

A

Because they need a safe space to lay their eggs

Will end up with retained eggs

69
Q

Mediterranean tortoises

A
  • do not mix species
    Long lived herbivores
    They hibernate
    Need both outdoor and indoor enclosures
    Must be open topped indoor pen (spring & autumn)
    Outdoor enclosure in the summer
70
Q

Tortoise outdoor enclosure

A

Do not put on grass
Large, dry, well drained
Substrate to burrow in
Rocks, plants for shade
Basking areas
Secure and predator proof

71
Q

Tortoise indoor enclosure

A

Well ventilated
Suitable substrate
POTZ 20-28 Celsius - decrease to 15-20 at night
Heat lamp and UV lamp basking spot

72
Q

Mediterranean tortoise diet

A

100% herbivorous
High fibre, low protein, low sugar, high calcium

Variety of non toxic weeds, leafy greens, flowers (no lettuce)
- red/purple dead nettle

Good Ca : Phosphorus ratio
Use calcium supplement daily

73
Q

What is the most common tortoise pet ?

A

Horsfields

74
Q

Why is it important not to mix tortoise species?

A

Because of diseases such as herpes can be asymptomatic to one but harmful to another

75
Q

Why is it important to get Mediterranean tortoise diets right?

A

Metabolic bone disease
Accelerated growth carapacial deformities

76
Q

Hibernation of tortoises

A

Pre hibernation check advised
Fast before hibernation to empty GIT (2-4weeks)
Bathe daily to ensure adequate hydration
Max 3 months
Temp approx 5 Celsius
1-2% weight loss / month
Fridge or well insulated predator proof box

77
Q

Post hibernation - tortoises

A

Warm baths daily to encourage drinking and urinating

Should eat within 1-2 days
Anorexia common

Can turn into stomatitis, rhinitis and renal failure

78
Q

Red eared terrapins

A

Semi aquatic
30yrs
Rapidly outgrow small tanks
Indoor tank; pond; outdoor pool
Robust filtration system for water quality
Water temp 22-28 Celsius
Dry basking spot 28-32 Celsius
UVB light source
Soil gravel substrate (females)

79
Q

Red eared terrapins diet

A

Opportunistic omnivores
Juvenile more carnivorous
Feed 2-3x weekly
Pellets
Earthworms
Fish (sometimes)
Gut loaded dusted insects

80
Q

Bearded dragons

A

Diurnal terrestrial
Omnivores
10-15years
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
Basking spot 35-50 Celsius
Night 21-24 Celsius
Low humidity 30-40%
UVB essential
Climbing and hiding spots
Newspaper / sand substrate - avoid wood chips
Secluded nesting area with damp sand

81
Q

Bearded dragons diet

A

Insectivorous
Veggie as grow older
Gut load and dust insects
Adults - leafy greens, veg, occasional insects
Juveniles fed daily
Adults 2-3x week
Obesity and dental disease common

82
Q

Leopard geckos

A

Nocturnal
Insectivorous
15-20 years
POTZ 25-30 Celsius
Heat pad at one end of vivarium
Low humidity 30-40%
Check toes for ecdysis
UVB advisable
Gut loaded and dusted insects

83
Q

Chameleons

A

Easily stressed
Arboreal insectivorous
POTZ 22-32 Celsius
Basking spot 30-35 Celsius
Humidity varies 50-75%
UVB essential
Well ventilated
Lots of plants and branches
Drink water from dripping or misting system
Gut loaded dusted insects
Females prone to repro problems

84
Q

Green iguana

A

Large
Arboreal herbivorous
POTZ 25-35 Celsius
High humidity 75-100%
UVB essential
Very large enclosures with branches and pool
100% veggies
- weeds leafy greens with calcium supplement

85
Q

Corn / rat snakes

A

10-15 years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-30
Humidity 30-70%
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding spots
Suitable sized rodents every 5-10 days
Don’t feed / disturb when shedding
Water bowl to submerge
Cool to 10-15 degrees for 3 months breeding

86
Q

Royal python

A

25-35years
Nocturnal
POTZ 25-40
Humidity 50-80%
- higher when shedding
UVB not necessary
Newspaper substrate
Hiding
Suitable sized rodents every 1-2 weeks
Do not feed / disturb when shedding
Try feeding at night

87
Q

What factors affect poultry performance?

A

Genetics
Nutrition
Stocking density
Sex
Age
Temperature
Disease
Welfare

88
Q

Indications of stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers

A

Hyperactivity
Pacing
Pecking
Over drinking
High feeding motivation
Increased plasma corticosterone

89
Q

What are the solutions to stress and hunger in feed restricted broilers?

A

Environmental enrichment
Scattering food

90
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of beak trimming chickens?

A

Advantages:
- no open wounds
- reduced stress
- reduced operator error
- reduced feather pecking
- improved feeding behaviour

Disadvantages:
- acute and chronic pain
- behaviour changes

91
Q

How does a diet deficient in fats affect poultry?

A

Zero hatchability
Respiratory infections
Poor egg production
Small egg size
Low fertility

92
Q

What are the symptoms of amino acid (protein) deficiency in poultry?

A

Feather abnormalities (arginine)
Loss of pigmentation (lysine)
Injurious pecking (laying hens - methionine and cysteine)

93
Q

What amino acids are required for poultry feather growth & maintenance?

A

Methionine & cysteine

94
Q

What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain and produce eggs & shell?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Protein

95
Q

What nutritional requirements are needed to maintain poultry bone health ?

A

Calcium
Phosphorus
Omega 3 and 6

96
Q

What are routine treatments for backyard poultry?

A

Wing clipping - once a year/ one wing
Beak tipping
Claw tripping
Spurs filed and trimmed
Bareback hens - canvas or leather saddles

97
Q

Causes and treatments of diarrhoea in backyard poultry?

A

Causes: coccidiosis, viruses, bacterial, high protein diet

Treatment:
Biostop (Imodium)
Clean drinking water
Reduce treats
Remove wet bedding

98
Q

Symptoms and treatment of infectious coryza in poultry?

A

Symptoms:
Facial and wattle swelling
Eye and nasal discharge
Sinusitis, sneezing, dyspnoea
Poor BCS & appetite
Reduced egg production

Treatment:
Antibiotics
Vaccinate

99
Q

Symptoms and treatment of mycoplasmosis?

A

Symptoms
Coughing, gasping
Nasal discharge
Conjunctivitis
Poor BCS
Swollen joints
Mortality

Treatment
Antibiotics

100
Q

Symptoms and treatment of infectious bronchitis?

A

Symptoms
Coughing sneezing rattling
Nasal discharge
Facial swelling
Conjunctivitis
Decreased egg production
Misshapen, thin eggshells

Treatment
Only severe infections treatable with antibiotics
Vax

101
Q

Symptoms and prevention of parasites in poultry?

A

Symptoms
Weight loss
Depression
Poor condition
Lameness

Prevention
Routine working
Resting land
Don’t overstock

102
Q

How many pigs worldwide?

A

980 million

103
Q

What percentage of UK pig breeding herds are outside?

A

40%

104
Q

Average size of pig outdoor holding?

A

1000

105
Q

Average size of pig indoor holding?

A

700

106
Q

Age of sow at 1st litter

A

12 months

107
Q

Average pig litter size

A

11-13

108
Q

Average piglet birth weight?

A

1-2kg

109
Q

How many litters do pigs have a year?

A

2.2-2.5

110
Q

Mean piglet weaning age?

A

27 days

111
Q

Mean piglet weaning weight?

A

7kg

112
Q

Finishing weight for pork?

A

55-70kg

113
Q

Finishing weight for cutters?

A

70-80kg

114
Q

Finishing weight for bacon?

A

90-110kg

115
Q

Finishing weight for heavy hogs - pies and processed meat

A

120kg +

116
Q

What is the pig kill out percentage? (% of carcass used)

A

75%

117
Q

What is liveweight?

A

How much the pig weighs

118
Q

What does dressed weight mean? (Pigs)

A

Weight of useful products

119
Q

Gestation period of pigs?

A

115 days (3wks, 3mths, 3days)

120
Q

Options for herd replacement (pigs)

A

Within own here

Purchased in

121
Q

Climate change: what are mitigation strategies?

A

Anthropogenic intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the sinks of greenhouse gases (anything to slow down climate change)

122
Q

Climate change: what is adaptation strategies?

A

Adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects

123
Q

What does climate change have effects on?

A

Sea life
All animals
Biodiversity loss
Global land change

124
Q

Solutions for animals in climate change?

A

Species migration - active translocation hard combine with a corridor for wildlife so they can move to better locations

125
Q

What are the biggest risks to companion animals with climate change?

A

Heat related illness:-
Risk factors are:
Age
Obesity
Breed (brachy)

126
Q

What are the biggest risks to farm animals with climate change?

A

Heat stress
Low forage availability

127
Q

What are some solutions for heat stress on on farms?

A

Technical and management changes
Systemic changes
More tress
Artificial shelters
Sprinklers
Breeds more heat resistant

128
Q

Main roles of kennel club

A

Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance
(Insurance)
(Microchipping)
(Find a puppy)
(Educational)

129
Q

Role of kennel club with dog registration?

A

Keeps formal register of pedigree dogs
Must join KC to enter shows
Keeps an activity register
Overseas registration
Breed registration statistics

130
Q

How does kennel club promote health and welfare?

A

Assured breeder scheme
Reporting of caesars
Reporting of conformation altering surgeries
Breed health and conservation plans
BVA/KC clinical screening schemes
The breed A-Z
Official dna testing schemes
Online health resources
The KC academy
Breeding guidelines

131
Q

What are the main kennel club health schemes?

A

Hip scoring scheme - hip dysplasia
Elbow scoring scheme - elbow dysplasia
Eye scheme - eye diseases
Chiari malformation/ Syringomyelia
Respiratory function grading scheme
Heart scheme

132
Q

What are the main roles of kennel club?

A

Registration of dogs
Maintenance of breed standards
Health promotion
Breeding guidance

133
Q

Within the animal welfare regulations, who regulates the breeding of dogs?

A

Local authority (council)

134
Q

Definition of a breeder?

A

Bitch or bitches give birth to three or more litters in any 12-month period

135
Q

What are the kennel clubs breeding resources and health schemes ?

A

Assured breeder scheme
Breed health and conservation plans
Clinical screening schemes
Official DNA testing schemes
Breeding guidelines
Reporting of caesarean sections
Reporting of confirmation altering surgeries

136
Q

What are the main kennel club health schemes?

A

Hip scoring
Elbow scoring
Eye scheme
Respiratory function grading
Heart scheme

137
Q

What are the pros and cons of selection pressure in breeding?

A

Pro: desirable traits
Con: health related genes can be lost

138
Q

What is inbreeding depression?

A

The accumulation of small conditions leading to a decrease in general health

139
Q

What is the coefficient of inbreeding?

A

Probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical by descent

140
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical with a full sibling mating or parent/offspring mating?

A

25%

141
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a half sibling mating?

A

12.5%

142
Q

What is the probability that 2 copies of a gene are identical in a mating of 1st cousins?

A

6.25%

143
Q

What is the core area for cats?

A

Where cats sleep rest and feel secure
Shared with same social group
Marked by face and flank rubbing

144
Q

How do other cats signal their hunting area?

A

Urine spraying - time share

145
Q

What are location preferences for cats toileting ?

A

Secluded area
Away from food and rest areas
Not shared
Diggable substrate

146
Q

How are cats eyes adapted for sight?

A

Large eyes
Tapetum lucidum
Far sighted
Slow focus for hunting prey

147
Q

How are cats ears adapted for hearing?

A

Detect ultrasonic calls of small rodents
Ears move independently
Ridges in ear to detect distance and height

148
Q

How are cats sense of smell adapted for hunting?

A

More sensitive
Scent glands all over body
Vomeronasal organ

149
Q

What 3 main factors affect behaviour in dogs?

A

Genetics
Learning
Physiology/pathological

150
Q

What stage of a dogs life is most important for leaning ?

A

Juvenile

151
Q

What facial language is this showing?

A

Aggression

152
Q

When a dogs head is held below body level what behaviour is this representing?

A

Scared/fearful

153
Q

Dog: stiff, slow tail wag means what?

A

Not happy to be greeted

154
Q

What visual signs to look for in a fearful cat?

A

Slightly turned ears, lowering them
Back arching
Mild face tension
Feet closer to body
Make self smaller

Back arched
Ears flat
Ready to pounce!

155
Q

When is the socialisation period for dogs?

A

12-14 weeks

156
Q

When is the socialisation period for cats?

A

2-9weeks

157
Q

What is the process of making a protein?

A

Replication of DNA
Transcription of DNA to RNA
translation of RNA to protein

158
Q

How is DNA replicated?

A

Helicase unwinds to make replication fork
Makes a lagging and leading strand

159
Q

Describe DNA transcription

A

Transcription factors & RNA polymerase bind to promoter region

RNA nucleotides linked to DNA by sugar phosphate backbone

RNA strand released

160
Q

Describe translation

A

Ribosomes bind to 5’ of mRNA

Transfer RNA of amino acids interact with codons to make polypeptide chain

Stop codon = protein made

161
Q

What does acetylation of dna do?

A

transcription activation

162
Q

What does deacetylation of dna do?

A

Inhibits transcription

163
Q

What can targeted DNA amplification be used for?

A

Determine presence/absence of target genes

164
Q

What are primers?

A

Short sequences of single stranded DNA

165
Q

What are primers used for?

A

Use with DNA polymerase to amplify specific DNA fragments for assays

166
Q

What is isometric growth?

A

Scaled up version of animal (fish)

167
Q

What is allometric growth?

A

Different parts grow at different speeds

Year 2 (4 decks)

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