Animal hygiene deck I Flashcards
ESBL
Extended-Spectrum Beta-lactamase (ESBL) are enzymes that confer resistance to most beta-lactam antibiotics, including penicillins, cephalosporins, and the monobactam aztreonam.
Infections with ESBL-producing organisms have been associated with poor outcomes.
MRSA
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
is a group of Gram-positive bacteria that are genetically distinct from other strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
define AGP
Aerosol-generating procedure
AGPs are defined as any medical or patient care procedure that results in the production of airborne particles - known as aerosols.
enzootic definition
(of a disease) regularly affecting animals in a particular district or at a particular season.
rarefaction
reduction in the density of something, especially air or a gas.
define audibility
The quality of being heard or understood; the degree to which a thing is audible.
abiotic vs biotic Environmental / ecologic factors:
abiotic (cosmic, climatic, soil, hydrologic, feed, etc.)
biotic (animals, humans, pathogens – they manifest through intraand interspecies relations)
production diseases are also called
multifactorial diseases
Most significant Host-related risk factors
genetic predisposition, immunodeficieny etc.
Microclimate parameters include? (up to 7)
air temperature, humidity, velocity/airmovement/ventilation capacity;
gases, particulate matter: dust and microbe content
lighting; noise
name some production technology factors (name up to 10)
farm planning, construction elements, production technologies
Housing system, feeding, watering, milking,
manure removal, bedding, feeding rack,
herd size and structure, stocking density, relations among
animals, grouping, etc.
give examples of Ectothermic animals
invertebrates, fish, amphibians
is one who cannot regulate its own body temperature, so its body temperature fluctuates according to its surroundings.
give examples of Homeothermic animals
mammals and birds
having a relatively uniform body temperature maintained nearly independent of the environmental temperature : warm-blooded.
give examples of Poikilothermic animals
fish, reptiles
A poikilotherm is an animal whose internal temperature varies considerably.
give examples of Heterothermic species
bear, hedgehog, bat
is a physiological term for animals that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it.
healthy body temp. range for mammals in general in celsius
Body temperature of a healthy adult mammal is 36.5–39.5 °C
healthy avian body temp. range
38–42 °C in birds
term for hair follicles raising when cold (or fearful/aggressive)
piloerection or pilomotor effect
name 3 heat loss mechanisms for an organism
blood vessel dilation or constriction
sweating (sweat evaporation)
respiration (exhalation of warm, moist air)
Four heat transfer mechanisms:
- Thermal conductivity i. e. conduction
- Heat transfer i. e. convection
- Radiation
- Evaporation
difference between convection and conduction
conduction happens through solid objects/materials e.g. body heat transfer to floor
convection happens through gas or liquid e.g. the natural upwards rise of warm air from around a hot body
which production animals do not have brown adipose tissue at birth?
piglets and poultry
what are the main harmful gases that are present in livestock buildings? 5
Methane (CH4),
Carbon dioxide (CO2),
Ammonia (NH3),
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S),
Carbon monoxide (CO)
what are the most important greenhouse gases generated in livestock buildings? 2
Methane (CH4),
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
What is the maximum allowable carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration in animal facilities (ppm)?
3000 ppm
What is the maximum allowable ammonia (NH3) concentration in animal rooms (ppm, Finland standards)?
10 ppm
where does methane originate from?
from the break down of Cellulose and hemicellulose
methane originates form the rumen of ruminants, and the intestinal gases of mammals also contain methane. Considerable amounts of methane form from manure in anaerobic conditions.
Which organs are the most sensitive to hydrogen sulphide (H2S) ?
Nervous system
What is the maximum allowable hydrogen sulphide (H2S) concentration (ppm) for animal facilities?
0.5 ppm
What is the maximum allowable fine particulate matter (dust) concentration in animal rooms(mg/m3)?
10 mg/m³
The optimum temperature range in the barn of dairy cows is:
5-15 °C
The optimum temperature range of finishing pigs farm is:
18-20 °C
What are the factors affecting the relative humidity of animal rooms?
the outdoor temperature and relative humidity,
stocking density,
ventilation and its efficiency
What should be the relative humidity range in closed animal facilities (pig and poultry farms), (%)?
40-75% (pig farms)
60-70% (poultry farms)
A device for continuous monitoring of the air pressure is:
Barograph
air velocity is measured by what device
Anemometer
The optimum air velocity in cowsheds, piggeries and poultry houses are:
cowsheds → 0,3 - 1,0 m/s,
piggeries → 0,15 - 1,0 m/s,
poultry houses → 0,3 - 0,6 m/s
What is the natural illumination relationship for an animal room?
The ratio of external light to the room lighting
Lighting in a pig farm (slaughter pigs) during the day (9:00 to 17:00) must have a minimum of:
40 lx
What is the maximum allowable total number of micro-organisms in the air of animal rooms (CFU / m3)?
(CFU – colony forming unit)
50,000 CFU/m3.
Long and short wave radiation effects are variable.
which type do animals emit and which do they more readily absorb_
emit long wave
absorb more readily, short wave
An organism needs ? of energy to evaporate 1 litre of water
2.4–2.5 MJ (580kcal)
which NS stimulates sweating?
sympathetic
which farm animals are capable of “proper” sweating?
horses
bovines can sweat but very little in comparison to very sweaty horses
small ruminants only sweat fractionally via their groin area
where do sheep and goats sweat from?
groin
they also pant
how do swine release excess heat?
Pigs technically have sweat glands, but don’t seem to sweat.
They can sweat through their snout.
They pant and strive to seek cool, moist environment.
respiration rate of a dog panting hard?
300-350 respirations per minute
how high can a cow’s respiration rate reach when attempting to rid body of excess heat?
up to 300 respirations per minute
ruminants pant with their mouths closed usually but when RR goes high they may open their mouth
give an example of forced convection
increased ventilation
what is a Thermoneutral zone
The thermoneutral zone is defined as the range of ambient temperatures where the body can maintain its core temperature solely through regulating dry heat loss, i.e., skin blood flow.
A living body can only maintain its core temperature when heat production and heat loss are balanced.
what is a comfort zone in relation to thermoregulation
Comfort zone is the temperature of the surrounding environment, at
which no heat production or discharge is required on the part of the
organism to maintain stable body temperature.
what is NST
non-shivering thermogenesis
e.g. metabolic reactions, energy from brown adipose tissue in neonates
LCT
Lower critical temperature
The minimum temperature that can be tolerated by an organism.
how long does it take for temperature adaptation to begin for an organism?
1 week
max body temp’s for survival for mammals and birds?
mammals 42-43’C
birds 44- 45’C
when does sweating stop?
at a relative humdiity of 100%
risk of hyperthermia!
what is THI
Temperature Humidity Index
To account for the combined effects of relative humidity and
temperature, the temperature humidity index (THI) is widely
used to provide an accurate assessment of the effects of the
thermal environment on poultry and livestock.
calculated THI= (dry bulb temp °C) + (0.36 × dew point temp °C) + 41.2
When the THI exceeds ?, the milk production and feed intake
begin to decrease;
72
To account for the combined effects of relative humidity and
temperature, the temperature humidity index (THI) is widely
used to provide an accurate assessment of the effects of the
thermal environment on poultry and livestock.
When the THI exceeds ?, the milk production is seriously
affected;
78
To account for the combined effects of relative humidity and
temperature, the temperature humidity index (THI) is widely
used to provide an accurate assessment of the effects of the
thermal environment on poultry and livestock.
When the THI rises above ?, there are significant losses in milk
production, cows show signs of severe stress and may
ultimately die.
82
To account for the combined effects of relative humidity and
temperature, the temperature humidity index (THI) is widely
used to provide an accurate assessment of the effects of the
thermal environment on poultry and livestock.
what is considered high humidity
over 80%
Heat transfer is impeded (especially via evaporation)
low humidity is considered?
<40% unadvisable
(suitable for humans 30–60%)
Agricultural animals can tolerate ?- ? % relative humidity.
50-90%
Relative humidity in the animal facilities is supposed to be 40-70% (50-80%) at thermoneutral temperature.
