Animal Health In Production Systems Wks 8-12 Flashcards
What are the benefits (5) of housing pigs indoors?
- Reduced wastage/ less time under theroneutral zone
(–> Improved feed conversion efficiency–> reduced feed costs) - Reduced labour
- Improved reproductive performance
- Improved growth performance
- Less impact on environment (paddock damage and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorous)
At what age should piglets be weaned?
4 weeks (<21 days has negative reproductive effects on sow)
What is commercial heritage farming?
Outdoor farming system that breeds certain breeds of pigs that have a high fat content. These pigs are slow growing and have bad feed conversion efficiency. (Large black pigs)
Recently there has been a push for more outdoor pig farming systems. What are some reasons for this?
🔹Reduced set up costs
🔹Can integrate farm with cropping activities
🔹It reduces problems with effluent disposal and odour
🔹Increased market pressure
What are the age timeframes that classify a pig as a weaner, grower or finisher?
Weaner= 4-10 weeks Grower= 10-16 weeks Finisher= 16+ weeks
Most farmers are paid for pigs on a carcass schedule meaning that payment is based on what?
Carcass weight x P2 backfat (lose 30c/kg over 12mm P2)
*P2 is measured at the level of last rib- measure of subcutaneous fat
When is it a bad time of year to mate sows and why (5)? Why are they mated at this time of the year?
First 1-16 weeks of the year (🎅🏻–>🐰)
Leads to: Reduced farrowing rate Increased 25-35 day returns post mating Increased abortions and NIPs Delayed puberty in gilts Increased wean-to-oestrus periods
Mated at this time due to sale/ market demands
What are the top three countries in pork consumption?
Denmark, Hong Kong and Poland
What are the major factors (5) driving herd feed conversion efficiency?
- Genetics
- Post-wean mortality
- Feed wastage
- Time spent under pigs thermoneutral zone (i.e. time spent cold)
- Immune system activation
What are the consequences of weaning a piglet before 21 days of age?
The sows struggle- They get less uterine involution leading to reduced subsequent litter size. They also get irregular hormone cycling leading to reduced farrowing rates.
The piglets have a less mature intestine–> less able to cope with solid feed. Their weights are also lower–> affecting subsequent growth
When do female pigs reach puberty? When do they usually mate?
~24-27 weeks old (depends on boar exposure, stocking density, nutrition and season)
Usually at 30 weeks
How old should gilts be when they get their vaccines?
~24 weeks. Should give PPV, E. coli, erysipelas and leptospirosis 4 weeks apart.
How can weaning to first service interval be reduced (4)?
- providing good nutrition to the sow during lactation
- weaning at greater than 3 weeks (21days)
- providing post-weaning boar stimulation
- not overcrowding sows
How long do pig sperm and sow eggs survive?
Sperm 24hrs
Eggs 4-6 hours
How can conception failure be identified?
Place boar back in with sows 18 days after mating and see if she is in heat or not
There are two signals (produced oestrogen from blastocyst/embryo) in the pig reproductive cycle. When do they occur?
When does skeletal calcification occur?
Signal 1: days 12-14, signal 2: days 16-20
Day 35
What events constitute reproductive failure in sows? (10)
- Normal return to oestrus (18-24 days)
- Delayed return to oestrus (beyond 28 days)
- Abortion
- Pseudopregnancy
- Stillbirths
- Mummies
- Failure to farrow (NIPs)
- Small litter size
- Abnormal piglets
- Decreased neonatal survival
What are some factors that may lead to low numbers of total born piglets?
- Low ovulation rate
- Poor mating technique
- Poor semen quality
- Parity (high)- older sows have increased piglet birthweight variation, more stillbirths and overlays, and blind teats
- Low implantation
- Embryo loss due to infection
- Season
- Poor nutrition
What is a normal interpig delivery?
30 mins. Intervene if there are delays of 45 mins
What is the recommended vaccination schedule for breeding pigs?
PLE (parvovirus, leptospirosis, and erysipelas)
PLE at 22-24 weeks then 4 weeks later.
9 weeks later give Ecovac (e.coli)
PLE again 2-3 weeks before farrowing
Milk let down in a sow occurs for _________ every hour (producing about ____ per day)
10-20 seconds
12L/day
In a pig pen, there should be 1 drinker per ______pigs
10-15
Give an example of fish that use ram ventilation and fish that use a buccal pump mechanism for ventilation?
Salmon use a buccal pump
Tuna use ram ventilation
What percentage (in 2010) of the worlds fish food production was supplied by aquaculture?
47%
What are the top 3 freshwater and saltwater fishes farmed?
Freshwater: 1) silver and bighead carps, 2) Indian major carps, 3) grass carp
Saltwater: 1) salmon, 2) milkfish, 3) rainbow trout
What are the differences for the following factors between intensive and (extensive) fish farming:
1) Est. costs
2) Culture Systems
3) Tech level
4) Degree of control
5) Source of seed stock
6) Operating costs and stocking rates
7) Water quality monitoring
8) Feed source
9) Production
10) Production costs
1) Est. costs: high (low)
2) Culture Systems: fabricated, concrete, cages etc. (natural/simple)
3) Tech level: high (low)
4) Degree of control: high (very low)
5) Source of seed stock: domesticated (from nature)
6) Operating costs and stocking rates: high (low)
7) Water quality monitoring: regular (none)
8) Feed source: commercial pelletised (natural ecosystem)
9) Production: high (low)
10) Production costs: high (low)
What is the total value of Australian aquaculture?
$861 million
Atlantic salmon lay their eggs in freshwater or saltwater?
Freshwater (eggs—> alevin—> fry—> parr—> smolt)
What species of fish are grown in static ponds in Australia?
- Barramundi
- Murray cod
- Silver perch
- Golden perch
- Prawns
What are some basic requirements for ponds used for freshwater aquaculture (5)?
- Reliable supply of good quality water
- Rain, ground water
- Impermeable soils for construction
- Well-structured soils with good organic matter to support ecosystems
- Gravity drainage
What are the most common structures used for aquaculture?
Ponds> tanks
What are some fish species in Australia that have some or all of their lifecycle in tanks?
Barramundi Southern bluefin tuna Yellowtail kingfish Murray cod Silver/golden perch Rainbow trout (Also salmon, abalone, prawns, oysters)
What are recirculating aquaculture systems? What are limiting factors of these types of systems?
What critical equipment is needed for these systems?
Indoor, tank-based systems in which fish are grown at very high densities under controlled environmental conditions.
Dissolved O2 is first limiting factor, then ammonia
Backup generator, biological filters, oxygen supply, protein skimmers, pumps and alarms
What are the stocking densities for recirculating aquaculture systems vs open sea cages?
RAS >50 kg/m3
Open 10-15 kg/m3
What is wildlife according to wildlife act 1975?
Any animal of a vertebrate species which is indigenous to Australia or its territorial waters.
Includes all kinds of deer, non-indig quail, pheasants and partridges plus any terrestrial invertebrate listed as threatened
What are the three acts of parliament which dictate the rules of wildlife care in Victoria?
- POCTAA 1986
- Wildlife act 1975
- Vet practice act 1997
What is the value of the Australian honey and bee products industry?
$100 million per annum (plus its contribution to the agriculture industry - 65% of crops in aust require pollination services)
Where is the principal honey producing area of Australia?
Temperate land stretching from southern Queensland to central victoria. South and Western Australia also are significant.
What are the three major threats the Australian honey bee industry is currently facing!
- Introduction of pests and diseases (esp. the parasitic mite Varroa destructor)
- Access to natural resources
- Contamination and mislabelling of honey bee products.
Besides varroa destructor, what other pests and diseases affect the honey bee industry?
Tropilaelaps mite
Tracheal mite
Braula fly
What are some sampling methods used in sentinel hives?
Acaracidal strips (catch dead bees) Log traps
What is CITES?
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna
What are the nutrient requirements of fish?
- 10 amino acids
- N3 and N6 fatty acids
- 6 macrominerals
- 6 trace minerals
- 4 fat-soluble vitamins
- 11 water soluble vitamins
- nitrogen
- energy
Feed conversion ratio in fish can be affected by what? (8)
- feed quality
- feed management
- feed storage
- water temperature
- stocking densities
- egg quality
- strain/species
- health
Which fish are unsuitable for cage farming?
Abalone, mullaway, snapper
What colour are female Atlantic salmon and what is their ideal weight?
Silver
4-4.5 kg
What are the optimal water temperatures for the following fish?
- Atlantic salmon
- Rainbow trout
- Yellowtail kingfish
- Barramundi
- Southern bluefin tuna
- Atlantic salmon (<18)
- Rainbow trout (<18)
- Yellowtail kingfish (22)
- Barramundi (26-28)
- Southern bluefin tuna(2.8-31)
What are the 4 microbial classifications of lab mice?
- Specific pathogen free
- Conventional
- Gnotobiotic
- Axenic
What are the immunological classifications of lab mice?
- Immunocompetent
- Immunodeficient
- athymic
- scid
- nod-scid gamma
What are the genetic classifications of lab mice?
- Outbreed stock
- Inbred strains
- F1 hybrid
- Transgenic
- Mutant
What viruses affect lab mice?
Parvovirus, hepatitis, Sendai
What mites affect lab mice?
M. Musculi
M. Musculinis
R. Affinis
What are the roles of an animal welfare officer?
- Routine health care and preventative medicine
- Respond to and investigate unexpected adverse effects
- Sit in on AECs and give advice
- Train/educate animal users
What members comprise the animal ethics committee?
Vet Scientist Animal facilities manager Animal welfare officer Animal welfare representative Lay person
What is a fresh egg breakout?
Fresh eggs are broken and the terminal disk is examined to assess if the egg is fertile or not. Used as an estimate of breeder flock fertility
