Animal Health In Production Systems Flashcards
What types of organisational bodies may contribute to the organisation of an industry?
🔹Industry research and promotion bodies (eg. MLA, AWI, CSIRO as well as cooperative research centres)
🔹All three levels of government (commonwealth, state and local)
🔹Industry bodies (such as breed societies)
Who is responsible for the regulation of veterinary pharmaceuticals in Australia? How about in USA?
Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA)
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
What are peak councils and what is their role in production systems?
They are agro-political bodies (representatives) that liaise with and influence regulatory bodies or government.
Act to improve communication between peak bodies
As of 2016, which country was ranked highest for world beef exports? Which was ranked lowest?
Highest: Brazil 🇧🇷
Lowest: Mexico 🇲🇽
(Australia was 3rd)
As of 2015-2016, roughly how many agricultural businesses were operating in Australia?
85,600
What are the top 3 Australian agricultural export products?
Beef 🐂 (20%)
Wheat 🌾 (12.5%)
Other meat (8%)
Wool and other animal hair (6%)
In what ways can the value of a production system be considered?
Financial Environmental Psychological Medical Cultural
Provide an example of how plant and animal systems may be integrated in a production system.
How is this beneficial?
Sheep and wheat crops
🔹Crops are grazed in winter and early spring
🔹Crops are harvested in early summer and sheep graze the stubble
This allows increase in sheep stocking rate with minimal reduction in overall grain production. It also provides feed supply to sheep when nutrition is limiting
What are some different government bodies that may play a role in animal production systems?
Occurs at different levels of government and may include:
Biosecurity Australia
DAFF (now the Department of Agriculture and Water Resources)
Animal Health Australia (AHA)
What country receives greatest amount of gov support for industry?
Norway
What are some examples of industry inputs?
🔹 Veterinary health products 🔹 Livestock and property 🔹 Animal id equipment 🔹 Genetic testing equipment and material 🔹 Feeds 🔹 Labour providers 🔹 Insurance 🔹 Livestock agents and transporters 🔹 Infrastructure/ utilities
Basically anything that is needed to effectively manage an enterprise
Summarise the sectors a farmer may work with or be influenced by:
Breed organisations Peak rural bodies Government regulatory bodies/decisions Research providers/ funders Animal welfare and rights groups Providers of different inputs
What are the gestation lengths for the following species?
Cow Sheep Horse Dog Cat Bird Pig
🐎 336 🐮 283 🐑 145 🐷 115 🐶 63 🐱 63 🐣 22
The average age of cattle when they first successfully mate is….?
15 months
As a rule of thumb, female ruminants need to be in the order of _______________% adult body weight at first mating to get good pregnancy rates for large animals.
60-70%
Goats and long wool British breed sheep are what type of breeders? When do they give birth?
Seasonal breeders that give birth in spring (cycle in autumn)
Survival of weaner sheep is dependent on what factors?
Growth rate Weight at weaning Body weight of dam at lambing Post parturition nutrition Post weaning nutrition
When do mares naturally cycle?
As daylight length nears a maximum
TB birthday is when?
1st August
Provide examples of seasonal breeders.
What is the purpose of this?
How can it be changed?
Horses, deer, goats, long wool British breeds of sheep
Young are born at a favourable time of year to maximise chances of survival and chance of passing of genetic material
Lights, Regulin, genetic selection
At what stages can reproductive loss occur?
Conception, parturition, pre-weaning, post-weaning, adult
What may cause reproductive loss?
Genetics Nutrition Environment Infectious disease Predation
What is one way in which we can estimate reproductive loss or wastage?
females bred x industry standard for progeny per female
What is the difference between this number and the actual number of animals that are produced each year
What are some examples of genetic defects that may reduce reproductive rate?
Curly calf syndrome
Breeds with high heads
Toxins
What are the most common orders of birds presented in practice? (You should list 6)
Psittaformes (eg. Cockies, galahs, eclectic)
Passeriformes (eg. Finches, canaries, crows, magpies)
Galliformes (eg. chickens, turkeys, pheasants, quail)
Anseriformes (eg. Ducks, geese)
Columbiformes (eg. Pigeons and doves)
Falconiformes and strigiformes (eg. hawks, falcons, owls)
What are some first principles of (caged) avian husbandry?
🔹providing enough space for movement and flight
🔹providing shelter from the weather (keeping their environment clean and dry)
🔹providing the right nutrition and water
🔹establishing an environment that mimics their native habitat
What are some general things to consider when setting up an outdoor aviary?
Size, flooring, protection from weather, protection from predators, material used, stocking density, foliage, maintenance
Canaries and finches can be kept together as can canaries and….?
Neophemas
For what reasons would you advise against an acrylic cage?
They need adequate ventilation
They can become a hot box if placed in a bad spot
May affect social interaction
Name some things to consider when setting up a bird cage.
Flooring Material Toys Perches Size/ design Water/ food containers
What are the 4 key elements to consider when buying a pet bird?
Nutrition, environment, emotion and health
What are some common diseases of budgies?
What are cockatiels prone to?
Scaly face mite
Macrorhabdos (gastric yeast)
Psitticosis and toxicosis
What are some common features of brachycephalic syndrome?
Elongated soft palate Stenotic nares Tracheal hypoplasia Exerted laryngeal saccules Laryngeal collapse
Which breed of dog is prone to mitral valve disease?
What is the incidence rate?
What sort of disease is it?
Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
50% affected by 5yo
Polygenic disease (depend on simultaneous presence of several genes)
Von Willibrand’s disease is common in which dog breeds?
Doberman
What are the five central welfare needs of companion animals?
Environment Nutrition Exercise Behaviour Health care
The core vaccines for dogs are…?
C3 or DHP- includes:
Distemper
Hepatitis
Parvovirus
What are common non-core vaccines used in Australia?
Canine parainfluenza virus
Bordetella bronchiseptica
(For canine cough)
What is the standard vaccination protocol in dogs?
6-8 wks: C3 (C5 if doing Nobivac) (10-12 wks: C5) 12-14 wks: C5 16-18 wks: C5 (Following 2 years kennel cough) Annually: C5 (Every 3 years)
Hookworms attach to the wall of the ?small/large?
Whipworms attach to the wall of the ?small/large? intestine.
Small
Large
How does hydatid disease manifest?
Large cysts in various organs of the body (in humans and in intermediate hosts including sheep, cows and pigs)
What are some steps you can take to prevent hydatid? (4)
- Washing hands after gardening or touching the dog
- Washing vegetables/produce that may have been contaminated by dog faeces
- Prevent dogs from accessing raw offal from infected sheep
- Deform dogs with PRAZIQUANTEL
Briefly, what are the 5 steps to the heart worm cycle?
Mosquito ingests blood from infected dog (microfilaria) ➡️ microfilariae develop into infective larvae ➡️ infective larvae enter new host when mossie feeds ➡️ larvae migrate to RS ❤️ and mature ➡️ adult worms reproduce
What ticks are found on dogs in Victoria?
Paralysis tick (ixodes holocyclus)
Brown tick
Bush tick
An ovariohysterectomy in dogs is usually done at what age?
What are some reasons for doing an ovariohysterectomy?
Around 6 months
🔹 Prevent preg
🔹 Prevent pyometra
🔹 Reduce risk of mammary tumours
Castration is an __________ and is often done at about ___________ of age.
Orchectomy
6 months
Reasons for doing an orchectomy include….?
🔹prevention of unwanted offspring
🔹prevention of testicular tumours
🔹decrease aggression and roaming
🔹decrease prostate and perianal tumours
At what age do dogs start cycling?
6-15 months old
How many times does a dog go on heat per year and how long does it last?
2 times lasting 2-3 wks
*larger dogs may only cycle once a year
What are some visible signs that a dog is on heat?
Vulval swelling
Increased frequency of urination
Bloody/ straw-coloured vulval discharge for about 10 days
What are some brachycephalic breeds of dogs and cats?
🐶 pug, boxer, bulldog
🐱Persian, British shorthair, Scottish fold
What are the core vaccines for cats?
🔹feline panleukopaenia virus (vomiting/diarrhoea)
🔹feline herpesvirus 1
🔹feline calcivirus
What are non-core vaccines for cats?
🔹chlamydophila felis
🔹feline immunodeficiency virus (bite wounds; risk of vaccine sarcoma)
🔹feline leukaemia virus (transfer via saliva, placenta or milk)
What is the standard vaccination protocol for cats in Australia?
6-8 wks: F3/F4
12-14 wks: F3/F4 +/- FIV
16-18 wks: F3/F4 +/- FIV
Then annually
Cats are seasonally polyoestrus and usually cycle from ____________ until ______________.
At what age to cats start cycling? At what age can males sire offspring?
Spring, Autumn
4-10 months,
5 months
In cats, oestrous lasts for _________ days and comes in again after ___________ weeks.
7-10 days
2-3 weeks
By 3 years of age, what percent of cats will have dental disease?
70%!!!!!!!!! 😱
The 7 categories used by the Australian National Kennel Council are…?
- Toys (Cavalier king charles spaniel, pug)
- Terriers (Jack russell Terrier, airedale terrier)
- Gun dogs (Golden retriever, labrador)
- Hounds (Rhodesian ridgeback, Dachshund, Whippet)
- Utility dogs (Rottweiler, Schnauzer)
- Working dogs (Border Collie, Kelpie)
- Non-sporting (French bulldog, Poodle)
What does a breed society provide?
🔹Information 🔹Risk review 🔹Marketing 🔹Breed standards 🔹Pedigree registration
In terms of animal reproduction, what does prolificacy refer to?
of progeny per pregnancy
What is the correct number of males to females ratio for sheep and cattle?
1-2% rams
3% bulls
What are some things to look for when selecting a bird? (8)
🔹Even, tight, well coloured feather coverage 🔹Round, wide open and bright eyes 🔹Clean vent and well formed droppings 🔹Clean skin and no toe deformities 🔹Normal body weight 🔹No discharge from eyes, nostrils or ears 🔹Normal beak 🔹Proper eating habits 🔹Scaly leg mite, lice or other parasites
What causes French moult in passerines?
Polyoma virus
Shed for 4-6 months
What is PMV1?
Paramyxoviridae: disease. Causes vomiting, Diarrhoea, lethargy, runny eyes and beak and/or neurological signs
The three distinct holding facilities for raptor rehabilitation include…?
- A hospital cage
- Intensive care aviary
- Holding/ flight aviary
What is coccidiosis?
How is coccidiosis spread?
What does it cause?
Parasitic disease of intestinal tract
Infected faeces/ contaminated food and water.
Diarrhoea, depression, ruffled feathers, loss of appetite.
Why are roundworms the greatest concern in kittens or puppies?
Can be transferred in utero and in milk
What’s the difference between menacing, dangerous and restricted breeds?
Menacing: cause minor injuries
Dangerous: cause death or serious injury
Restricted: pit bulls
What are the 3 main aims of infectious disease control programs?
Minimise host susceptibility
Optimise every animals ability to resist disease (ie vaccinate)
Decrease likelihood of exposure to problem pathogens.
What are some examples of zoonotic diseases?
Ringworm
Giardia
Cat scratch disease
