Animal Health Flashcards
1
Q
key features of animal health?
A
feeding exercising grooming foot care dental hygiene vaccination parasite control
2
Q
ideal way to assess a patient?
A
systematically - head to tail
if you focus on obvious you may miss subtle and true cause of problem
3
Q
what to look for when assessing a patient?
A
behaviour weight TPR CRT MM GS DUDE BAR QAR
4
Q
TPR?
A
temperature
pulse
respiration
5
Q
CRT?
A
capillary refill time
6
Q
MM?
A
mucous membrane
7
Q
GS?
A
gut sounds
8
Q
DUDE?
A
defecating
urinating
drinking
eating
9
Q
BAR?
A
bright alert response
10
Q
QAR?
A
quiet alert response
11
Q
key features when taking pulse?
A
regularity
rate
strength
12
Q
hypothermia signs?
A
collapse shivering poor perfusion (circulation) reduced CRT Pale MM Bradycardia
13
Q
hyperthermia signs?
A
collapse panting vomiting brick red MM increased CRT sweating feet tachycardic
14
Q
ways to feed?
A
bowel or scatter
consider owner preference
changes to diet need to be gradual
15
Q
what to consider when feeding?
A
illness/condition allergies if NBM age species owner preference frequency
16
Q
maintaining good hygeine during feeding?
A
all bowels must be cleaned after each use
kept with the same patient
no communal bowels
17
Q
signs of dental issues?
A
discolouration smell inflammation/redness refuse to eat over chewing not playing with mouth
18
Q
dental care options?
A
home care - dental diet/brushing
veterinary care - dental procedure
prevention better than treatment
19
Q
effect of dog facial shape on dental hygiene?
A
dolio and meso less likely to have issues
brachy cause teeth to be squashed into smaller space so more likely
20
Q
dental issues?
A
gingivitis
- inflammation of gums
- reversible
- removal of plaque will help - chew toys and food
periodontitis
- from untreated gingivitis - severe gum infection
- irreversible and will cause teeth loss
- managed with good dental care - vet dental recommended
21
Q
the principles of dental hygiene?
A
(the role of VNs)
educate and promote:
- brushing (enzyme toothpaste)
- commercial diet
- dental chews
- vet descale (if necessary)
22
Q
what is rasping?
A
horses, rabbits and other rodents have teeth that continuously erupt
so require checking and rasping/cutting at different intervals
will do on their own if the correct diet
- fibrous diet best
- pellets best for rabbits
- lots of hay
23
Q
canine vaccinations?
A
leptospirosis hepatitis distemper parvovirus parainfluenza bordetella rabies
24
Q
canine vaccination frequency?
A
- 6/8 weeks
- 12 weeks
- 16 weeks
- yearly
25
feline vaccinations?
influenza (herpes virus and calicivirus)
leukemia virus
infectious enteritis
rabies
26
feline vaccination frequency?
1. 8/9 weeks
2. 12 weeks
3. yearly
27
equine vaccinations?
herpes virus
influenza
tetanus
28
equine vaccination frequency?
herpes has no routine
1. 5 months
2. 21-92 days after
3. 150-215 days after
4. flu yearly, tetanus every 2 years
29
rabbit vaccinations?
myxomatosis
viral haemorrhagic disease (VHD)/rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD)
30
rabbit vaccine frequency?
1. 5 weeks old
| 2. yearly
31
grooming cats/dogs?
depending on length and type
also on age
eg wired hair requires daily brushing and bathing monthly
eg curly hair requires frequent cutting and moistoirising
32
reasons for grooming?
long hair can hide wounds, lumps or tics
mats pull on the skin
bonding experience
33
grooming birds?
```
often do themselves so don't need us
overplucking is a sign of stress
- environment
- nutrition
- social structure
```
34
grooming small mammals?
frequency depends on type, length, time of year and age of the individual
important for health - eg flystrike is common with long fur
habituation and bonding
35
grooming equines?
done daily
hair length varies per individual, age and time of year
36
reasons to groom equines?
rough hair traps grease
infestation burdens
habituation and bonding
37
clipping nails?
can be done without assistance walking on hard surfaces
but if need to:
- avoid cutting kwik - bleed
- kwik grows with the length of the nail
- overtime will retreat as the nail is cut shorter
38
equine hoof care?
hoof picking is done daily (particularly in stables)
use deep littered bedding
trim every 4-6 weeks to avoid overgrowth
39
canine, feline and equine exercise and mobility?
frequent walks, release and turning outside
provide enrichment when inside
if changes to demeanour change could be due to:
- ill health eg. lameness
- age
- diet
if horses become recumbent they won't survive
- need to keep turning so less pressure on organs
- go to vets
40
bird exercise and mobility?
cage size allows flap wings
clip wings to prevent escape
racing birds - distance depends on age and race type
birds of prey - daily exercise and hunting behaviours
41
wing injury?
common in young birds
shown through abnormal flight (circling)
hospitalisation
repair
immobilisation
rehabilitation
42
small mammals exercise and mobility?
rats - need time out of the enclosure
hamsters - lots of exercise needed (external environment and/or correct sized wheel)
gerbils - exercise by maintaining environment
guinea pigs - housed in areas big enough to exercise
rabbits - daily exercise necessary (inside or outside)
43
what percentage of dogs are overweight?
65
44
what percentage of cats are overweight?
39
45
what percentage of rabbits are overweight?
40
46
sign pet is obese?
can't feel ribs without pressure
fat pads around the spine and around eye sockets/head
lost abdomen toning
47
obesity factors?
```
exercise
accomodation
diet
age
health
pregnancy
```
48
effects of obesity?
increased risk of cancer, heart disease and osteoarthritis
surgery becomes difficult
hard to exercise - can cause damage
49
why is pet obesity so common?
not working animals
just family pets
so often overfed
50
preventing pet obesity?
educate owners - scare technique
food puzzles
diet clinics
weigh food needed for the day and once gone its gone
51
body scoring - cats
| level 1
emaciated
ribs visible
no palpated fat
severe abdominal tuck
lumbar vertebrae and wings of ilia easily palpated
52
body scoring - cats
| level 2
underweight
ribs easily palpatable with minimal fat
lumbar vertebrae obvious
obvious waist
minimal abdominal fat
53
body scoring - cats
| level 3
ideal
well-proportioned
slight waist
ribs palpated with slight fat covering
abdominal fat minimal
54
body scoring - cats
| level 4
overweight
ribs not easily palpated with moderate fat covering
waist poorly seen
obvious rounding of abdomen
moderate abdominal fat
55
body scoring - cats
| level 5
obese
ribs not palpated under heavy fat cover
heavy fat deposits over lumbar area, face and limbs
no waist
extensive abdominal fat deposits
56
body scoring - dogs
| level 1
emaciated
ribs, lumbar vertebrae and pelvis visible from a distance
no body fat
obvious loss of body muscle
57
body scoring - dogs
| level 2
underweighted
ribs easily palpated and may be visible with minimal fat
top of lumbar vertebrae visible
pelvic bones prominent
obvious waist and abdominal tuck
58
body scoring - dogs
| level 3
ideal
ribs palpated without excess fat covering
waist seen when viewed from above
abdominal tuck seen from side
59
body scoring - dogs
| level 4
overweight
```
ribs palpated with difficulty
heavy fat cover
noticeable fat deposits over lumbar area and base of tail
waist barely visible
abdominal tuck may be visible
```
60
body scoring - dogs
| level 5
obese
massive fat deposits over thorax, spine and base of tail
waist and abdominal tuck absent
fat deposits on neck and limbs
obvious abdominal enlargment
61
body scoring - rabbits
| level 1
emaciated
hip bones, ribs and spine very sharp
loss of muscle and no fat cover
rump curves in
62
body scoring - rabbits
| level 2
underweight
hip bones, ribs and spine easily felt
loss of muscle and little fat cover
rump is flat
63
body scoring - rabbits
| level 3
ideal
hip bones, ribs and spine easily felt but are rounded
no abdominal bulge
rump is flat
64
body scoring - rabbits
| level 4
overweight
pressure needed to palpate ribs, spine and pelvis
common fat layers
rump is rounded
65
body scoring - rabbits
| level 5
very hard to palpate spine and pelvis
ribs not palatable
tummy sags with fat padding
rump bulges out
