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Animal/Fungal/plant Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we need plants

A

food security, green bioeconomy, healthier foods, environmental sustainability,

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2
Q

How can you improve productivity of a crop

A

conventional breeding - selecting for yield, improved arogonomy, GM (selecting traits which will increase yield)

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3
Q

How can we decrease waste

A

increasing shelf life, improving storage conditions, pests and disease, household waste

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4
Q

How could we adapt plants to improve food security

A

drought resistant, flooding tolerant, salt resistant

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5
Q

What % of crops are lost to pests and disease

A

40%

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6
Q

Why are biofuels bad

A

oil reserves are running out and fossil fuels lead to climate change

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7
Q

What is green bioeconomy (bio products)

A

plants produce a wide range of natural products which could be exploited if we purified them. Could engineer plants into biological factors.

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8
Q

How many people suffer from micronutrient deficiencies

A

2 billion

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9
Q

How can we increase environmental sustainability

A

Use resources more efficiently (reduce fertiliser and pesticide use)

Protecting biodiversity (farming damages biodiversity, plants are the key stone to the environment)

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10
Q

What is plasticity

A

it is possible for cells to undifferentiated then re-differentiate. You can regenerate a whole plant from almost any piece of tissue

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11
Q

What causes species to be morphologically different

A

their growth environment

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12
Q

What is a cotyledon

A

a leaf like structure that is formed in the embryo

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13
Q

What is a monocot

A

has 1 cotyledon (e.g., grasses, palms and orchids)

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14
Q

What is a dicot

A

has 2 cotyledons (e.g., leafy crops)

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15
Q

Wind pollination

A

Flowers structured for dispersal

Common method in monocots

Large quantities of pollen

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16
Q

Animal pollination

A

Usually insects

Brightly ‘coloured’ structures

Attractive

Benefit (e.g, nectar)

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17
Q

What are the 4 groups plants split up into once that had evolved

A

Non-vascular (liverworts, hornworts, mosses)

*Vascular, seedless (Ferns, lycophytes)

*Vascular, seeded, non-flowering (Gymnosperms)

*Vascular, seeded, flowering (Angiosperms – monocots vs dicots)

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18
Q

What are the 3 important taxonomical ranks of fungi

A

Mycota (basidiomycota)

Mycotina (agaricomycotina)

Mycetes (agaricomycetes)

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19
Q

What is the main component of the fungal cell wall

A

chitin

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20
Q

What is chitin

A

Chain formed by N – acetylglucosamine units

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21
Q

Where is ergosterol found

A

fungi cell membranes

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22
Q

what us ergosterol

A

Precursor of vitamin D2

Target for anti fungal drugs

Indicator of fungal presence in soil

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23
Q

What is the role of hyphae

A

achieve vegetative spread and absorption of nutrients. Ramify over and within the substratum (food source), Absorb small molecules directly and excrete extracellular enzymes to break down large molecules for absorbance

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24
Q

How are hyphae adapted for their function

A

long and thin to provide a large surface area to volume ratio for absorption

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25
What allows differentation/ different activities to occur in mycelium
higher fungi tubes to be divided into compartments by cross walls (septum)
26
What is mycelium
arises from a germinating sperm
27
What is mycelia
diverging hyphae with tangenital connection to form networks
28
Why do hyphae spread away from each other
to optimize area explored for capture of nutrients
29
Why do hyphae aggregate
to form fruit bodies and other tissues/organs (e.g., pseudosclerotial plates). To form linear organs which achieve vegetative spread (cords rhizomorphs)
30
What can hyphae form
they grow rapidly between resources to form extensive systems that are differentiated internally to respond to new resources and the needs of the system
31
what do hyphae translocate
H2O and nutrients
32
What do fungi need
fixed C in plant/animal material because they cannot photosynthesise because they do not contain chlorophyll
33
What compounds can fungi use
all organic compounds used by plants and animals
34
How can fungi utilize organic molecules
saprotrophy, necrotrophy, biotrophy
35
What are the roles of saprotrophs
Nutrient cycling, Nutrient translocation, Humus formation, Soil structure and stability
36
types of wood decay caused by saprotrophs
stain, brown rot, white rot and soft rot
37
species that cause stain wood decay
Mainly ascomycetes, E.g. Phialophora spp., Ceratocystis sp., Chlorosplenium aeruginascens
38
species that cause brown rot wood decay
Mainly basidiomycetes, e.g. Piptoporus betulinus, Coniophora puteana, Serpula lacrimans
39
Species that cause white rot wood decay
Mainly basidiomycetes, e.g. Trametes versicolor, Hericium
40
Species that cause soft rot wood decay
Mainly ascomycetes, E.g. Chaetomium spp.
41
Where are hyphae found
on cell wall, in lumen so enzymes can diffuse into the wall
42
what compounds do fungi use for brown rot
simple compounds, cellulose and hemicellulos. Does not use lignin
43
What appearance does brown rot have
brown crumbly appearance
44
What compounds does white rot use
all compounds, including lignin
45
How does white rot occur
hyphae lie on cell wall in lumen. Forms erosion grooves which coalesce. Can completely decompose wood to CO2 and H2O
46
What compounds are utilised for soft rot
simple compounds, cellulose and hemicellulose. Lignin removal is absent or slow and incomplete
47
Soft rot features and importance
cell wall breakdown is much slower and less extensive. Important in wet and fluctuating moisture conditions
48
where does type 1 soft rot occur
In S2 layer producing cavities
49
Where does type 2 soft rot occur
in lumen, giving erosion grooves
50
How can nectrotrophs kill their host
enzymes 'damping off', vascular wilts, toxins (lesions discrete, spread slowly), rusts, smuts, mildews
51
What do necrotrophs do
abstracts nutrients, harms the plant but host lives -often extended life and kept in a juvenile condition, e.g. green islands
52
Mutualist of linchen
photobiont (chlorophyta or cyanobacteria) or mycobiont (ascomycota or basidiomycota)
53
When is biotrophy of lichens important
in many extreme terrestrial environments and for monitoring pollution
54
what % of plants form mycorrhizas
90
55
what is a mycorrhiza
symbiotic association between plant and fungus. Plants depend on fungi to form partnerships with roots
56
examples of mycorrhiza
angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes
57
orchid mycorrhizas
very small seeds with little nutrient reserve, achlorophyllous for some or even all of life. The fungi are wood decay basidiomycetes and pathogens – delicate balance
58
What did John Hoggs and Ernst Haeckel do in the 18000s
classified protists and eukaryotic microorganisms. Removed minerals
59
What did Robert Whittaker do
identified bacteria, fungi, plants and animals
60
What did Carl Woese do
RNA analysis. Bacteria, archaea and eukarya (3 domains)
61
What can classification systems be based on
morphology, nucleic acids and biogeigraphy
62
What are the kingdoms
animal, plant, fungi, protist, prokaryotes (archaea and bacteria)
63
Order of classification systems
kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
64
What is an animal
>10million, Multicellular, Large – bigger than protozoa, Heterotrophic, Motile (part/all post-embryonic), Polarisation along anterior-posterior locomotory axis, Epithelial cells, Ach/cholinesterase system, Monophyletic clade
65
How are epithelia flexible
have complex shapes, compartmentalise and are anatomically complex
66
How can epithelia be waterproof
held together with proteins, fluid filled spaces for support and concentration
67
What is the role of Ach/cholinesterase
transmits information from one cell to another (synapse)
68
What are the major groups of animal phyla
Sponges, Ctenophores, Placozoans, Cnidarians, Bilaterians
69
How many monophyletic phyla are there
33
70
Sponges features
n ~ 8,500, Loosely organised, No true organs, No specialised cell layers, have spicules, contain choanocytes
71
What are spicules
hard body elements (provide structural support)
72
What are choanocytes
specialised feeding cells
73
What are sponges niche
clean and filter water out
74
Placozoans niche
mediates mucociliary locomotion and nutrient uptake
75
Placozoans features
n ~ 2 so far, No mouth, No gut, Diploblastic (2 different types of tissue), Contractile fibre cell in the middle , Not well studied
76
Ctenophores niche
predators, in the marine food chain
77
Features of ctenophores
n ~250, Radial symmetry, Diploblastic (embryo), Ectoderm & endoderm, Mesoglea, Complete gut, 8 Ctenes
78
What is the mesoglea
functions as a hydrostatic skeleton - Extra cellular matrix (link together to form structurally stable composite – contributes to cells mechanical properties)
79
What are ctenes
band of fused cilia on the bodies of ctenophores, used for locomotion)
80
Examples of cnidarians
jellyfishes, sea anemones, corals
81
Cnidarian features
n ~ 12,500, Gastrovascular cavity – primary organ of digestion and circulation), Typically Sessile (polyp) (reproduce asexually)& Motile (medusa)(sexual reproduction) life stages
82
What are nematocytes
explosive cell. Shoots a thread like tubule normally toxic, to a target. Helps couture prey/ used in defence.
83
Cnidarians niche
use their cnidocysts to rap prey items, others depend on zooxanthallae which carry out photosynthesis within the animals tissue and pass on carbon compounds to be fixed.
84
What will the ectoderm form
epidermal layer of skin
85
What will the endoderm form
lining of the gut, liver and lungs
86
What will the mesoderm form
muscle, bone, kidneys, blood and connective tissue
87
What is the grey crescent
the site where major cell movement will begin
88
What will the neural ectoderm form
nervous system
89
What is bilateral symmetry
anatomical parts are arranged on opposite sides of a median existing so only one plane can divide the individual into identical halves
90
What are the 3 layers of a tripoblast
exoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
91
What is a protostome
The mouth id formed before the anal opening. Blastopore - mouth
92
What is a deutrostome
anal opening forms before its mouth. Blastopore - anal opening
93
What is a blastopore
first opening in the embryo (during gastrulation)
94
Phyla with > 15000 species which are protosomes
flatworms, annelids, mollusks, nematodes, arthropods
95
Phyla with > 15000 species which are deuterostomes
chordata
96
Flatworm features
Structurally diverse * May be free living or parasitic * Most of the 30,000 spp are tapeworms/flukes * Vertebrates * Mostly gut endoparasites * A Lophotrochozoan (RNA)
97
Flatworm species
Taenia asiatica and Schistosoma Spp
98
Annelid features
Segmented wormlike bodies. Separate ganglia (clusters of nerve cell bodies) for each segment ( round and segmented). Thin permeable body -Gas exchange
99
What are lophotrochozoan
a clade of protosome animals. Tripoblastic
100
Mollusk species examples
octopus, squid, slugs, snails, muscles, oysters ...
101
Features of mollusks
Most diverse lophotrochozoan. Large foot. Main organs in a visceral mass (soft, non- muscular metabolic region of the mollusc that contains the bodies organs, holds the bulk of the respiratory, reproductive, digestive etc systems). Mantle (body wall of the mollusc from which the shell is secreted) covers the visceral mass
102
Nematode features
Ecdysozoan group of protosomes. Roundworms (most abundant). Thick, multi-layered cuticle (Gas exchange (also with gut)). Un-segmented (Contract their body to move). Many are predators and parasites
103
Nematode species
Caenorhabditis elegans and Ascaris lumbricoides
104
What are ecdysozoans
group of protosomes (3 layered cuticle, lack locomotory cilia, embtuo does not undergo spiral cleavage)
105
Why do arthropods have jointed and specialised appendages
to allow for greater flexibility and a range of movement. Biramous (branches into 2)
106
Arthropod features
Diverse (>1.2 million sp) & Numerous. Segmented bodies. Exoskeleton (provides large surface area for muscles) - Chitin – waterproofing. Muscles on the inside. Jointed and specialised appendages
107
What common features do chordata share at some stage in development
dorsal hollow nerve cord, tail that extends beyond the anus and a dorsal supporting rod (notochord)
108
What is a dorsal hollow nerve cord
hollow bundle of nerve fibers that transverse dorsally the longitudinal axis of chordates at some stage of their life, and runs above the notochord and gut.
109
What benefit does chordata get from a tail that extends beyond the anus
a source of locomotion in aquatic species, located dorsally to the notochord
110
What is a dorsal supporting rod (notochord)
flexible, rod-shaped mesodermal structure. Located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord and provides skeletal support and flexible attachment of axial muscles. Ats a primary axial support of the body
111
What is included in chordata
lancelets, tunicates and vertebrates (notochord replaced by supporting structure)
112
Humans taxonomy
Animal (K), Chordate (P), Mammal (C), Primates (O), Hominidae (F), Homo (G), Homo sapiens (S)

Organisms And Their Environment (9 decks)

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