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LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION > Animal Communication, Language, and Thought > Flashcards

Animal Communication, Language, and Thought Flashcards

1
Q

why is studying psycholinguistic important?

A

because of the effect on language on everyday life

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2
Q

what is communication? (Beattie & Ellis)

A
  1. when one organism (the transmitter) encodes information into a signal
  2. this passes through another organism (the receiver) which decodes the signal and can respond appropriately
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3
Q

what does verbal communication consist of?

A

spoken/written transmission of a message
- this can also be dialects and constructed languages

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4
Q

what are non-linguistic aspects of language?

A

body language, gestures, emoticons
- tone, rhythm, and stress are other non-verbal elements

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5
Q

Why is verbal and non verbal communication essential

A

people combine both features together to make assumptions about one another
- e.g. pitch may equate to a certain area

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6
Q

what is language?

A

a type of communication between the combination of a structured system of symbols (words) and their rules (grammar)

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7
Q

how many languages are there? Why isnt this clear ?

A

-between 3,000-8,000
- because we don’t have a clear definition of language

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8
Q

how often do languages die out?Why is this important

A

at a rate of 1 every 2 weeks.Shows its important hat we preserve languages

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9
Q

european languages consist of _% of all total languages

A

3%

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10
Q

the most common languages are…

A

chinese, spanish, and english

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11
Q

examples of domains that language is relevant in

A

eduction- whether someone is a good reader

clinical- dyspraxia, aphasia, speech therapy

second language learning

marketing

social and cultural- accents and expressions

forensic- analysis of speech patterns and voice identification

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12
Q

what is the definition of what makes a human language?

A

a system of communicating thoughts, feelings, and information using words to form unlimited expressions
- that can be understood by a group of people beyond the here and now

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13
Q

Is communication the same as language? why

A

No, any living thing can communicate however language is more specific than that

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14
Q

what did hockett (1960) come up with to distinguish language from communication?

A

a communication system must require all 16 design features to be called a “language”

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15
Q

which design features are important for human language?

A
  1. semanticity
  2. arbitrariness
  3. displacement
  4. productivity/generativity
  5. prevarication
  6. reflexiveness
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16
Q

semanticity

A

words are symbols/signs that express meaning

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17
Q

Arbitrariness

A

No intrinsic relation between words and their meaning
- e.g.microorganism= big word but it refers to something small

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18
Q

displacement

A

not tied to here and now, and can discuss hypotheticals (e.g. if, then)

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19
Q

productivity/generativity

A

it has a finite collection of sounds and words that allows for infinite number of messages/structure and thus new language

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20
Q

prevarication

A

we can lie

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21
Q

reflexiveness

A

we can use language to talk about language

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22
Q

disagreement over arbitrariness

A

-individual sounds or clusters can convey meaning, e.g., the bouba-kiki effect as an example of sound symbolism

23
Q

why is it important to be careful with regards to animal language?

A
  • they can communicate however there is no evidence they can combine distinctive sounds to form language
24
Q

limitations of bee dances

A
  • can only convey novel messages about food
25
Q

limitations of dolphins

A
  • no evidence of syntax use
  • only communicate about water
26
Q

animal language in songbirds

A
  • there is overlap with human language acquisition
  • babbling,critical period, left-hemisphere speculation
27
Q

what is the human genetic overlap with apes?

A

95%-98.5%, which may explain their rich communication systems

28
Q

similarities between apes and humans

A
  • similar brain asymmetries as humans, such as enlarged broca’s area
  • however this is used for complex hand movements rather than complex speech sounds
29
Q

why is it impossible to teach apes to speak?

A

they have a different articulatory apparatus (throat) than humans, so sign language or artificial lexigrams are used instead

30
Q

artificial lexigrams

A

a symbol or figure that represents a word or concept

31
Q

gua (1933)…

A

cross fostered with their infant son and learned to understand a few words but never produced any

32
Q

viky (1952)…

A

could understand some word and word-combination after 6 years, but articulated with some difficulty

33
Q

washoe (1969)…

A

taught ASL and by 4 years-old had acquired 85 signs and novel sign combinations
- e.g. you-drink
- however sensitivity to word order and new combinations

34
Q

nim chimpsky (1979)…

A

learned 125 ASL signs and made combinations, however longer combinations were mostly redundant

35
Q

Comparison of chimps to children

A
  • Chimps require lots of explicit training, children do not
    -chimps rarely signed spontaneously,children are spontaneous
    -chimps have little evidence of syntax , children have a clear structure
    -chimps output was mainly non creative, children are
    -chimps don’t ask questions,children do
36
Q

evidence that language might influence our thinking?

A

-examples of female-doctor and male-nurse having longer eye-scan times
-people have a visual rep of what a doctor is depending on how often they encounter them
- suggests frequency and stereotype can effect how language is used

37
Q

what is the sapir-whorf hypothesis?

A

states that languages shapes our thoughts

38
Q

linguistic determinism

A

-strong version
-thoughts are constrained by language, as this determines our thinking
-people with different language think differently

39
Q

linguistic relativism

A

-weak version
-people who speak a different language perceive and experience the world differently
-they may still think the same

40
Q

Evidence of linguistic determinism

A
  • vocabulary differences
    -there are many variations for ‘snow’ depending on the language
    -suggests people see the world differently
41
Q

what is not good evidence for linguistic determinism?

A
  • vocabulary differences, as differences may be perceived but not always labelled
  • instead, behaviour must be measured
42
Q

linguistic relativity in gender (Borodisky et al., 20020)

A

-masculine gendered objects were described using masculine terms, and feminine descriptions were used for feminine gendered word
- Voice for object was dependent on if it was masculine or feminine in their language

43
Q

What did Carmichael et al., (2002) discover

A
  • how an ambiguous object is described affects later recall/memory
  • associated word to ambiguous image reproduced images that looked like the word
44
Q

what did glucksburg and weisberg (1966) discover?

A

-the way an object is described affects how we think about its use
- we have a better performance if described in a less obvious linguistic manner

45
Q

language affects encoding in space. What does the study show

A

dutch/english speakers used relative egocentric ordering as a frame of reference
- 60% of tenejapans restructured the table using allocentric ordering
-speakers of different language can experience the world differently

46
Q

egocentric

A

gives a relative frame of reference

47
Q

allocentric

A

gives an absolute frame of reference

48
Q

language affects encoding in time

A

english speakers think of time horizontally whereas mandarin think of time vertically

49
Q

What did Boroditsky (2001) find when testing how language affects encoding in time

A

-speakers helped when prime coincides with their way of conceptualizing time
-when trained to talk about time vertically, English speakers behaved more like Mandarin speakers

50
Q

critiques of linguistic determinism

A

-pinker (1994) believes language ≠ thought, as we have a different language for thought (mentalese) which becomes before we use language
- if our thoughts depends on existing words, how can we make up new words?

51
Q

evidence of idelfonso, to critique linguistic determinism

A

had no problem communicating his thoughts, despite having no language and only being taught sign language

52
Q

Linguistic determinism critique: hopi indian language

A
  • ‘timeless language’ with no distinction in language for past present and future
  • however this does NOT mean they cannot distinguish between them as they have tenses and units of time
53
Q

What differentiates human communication from animal communication?

A

Humans use multiple channels (e.g., gestures, speech, expressions) and complex, rule-governed grammar to convey information.

LI LANGUAGE AND COMMUNICATION (10 decks)

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