Animal cognition 2

Question 1

Cognitive flexibility in crows

Answer 1

same picture matching task but they are given a visual or auditory clue telling them to either match the same image or non match the other one.
There was a higher firing rate for the non-match rule

Question 2

Cognitive flexibility in bees

Answer 2

Tube experiment with 2 patterns, for some bees sample 1 is correct, for others sample 2 is correct. When the patterns change they still remember which sample is correct for them- they generalise the rule

2nd experiment
Bee enters a tunnel and either smells lemon or mango, then they must select the next tunnel which has the same scent.
After this training, the odours are replaced with colours. Results show that they can generalise the rule and perform at an above chance level

Question 3

Object permanence

Answer 3

Knowing that an object still exists even if we can’t see it

Question 4

OP in crows

Answer 4

When they see that a mealworm has been put under a cloth, they immediatley lift up the cloth to get the mealworm- they know it is there even though they can’t see it

Question 5

OP in macaques

Answer 5

A wall moves in front of an object and the object either stays the same on the other side or has turned into something else.
There is an increased firing rate when an unexpected object appears.
Some fire more when the expected item remains

Question 6

Self-recognition

Answer 6

Being aware of where we are in the world and understanding our own bodies

Question 7

Mirror-self recognition

Answer 7

When you put a spot on a magpie and put it in front of a mirror, it will direct actions towards itself and not the mirror, trying to get the spot off

Question 8

Mental time travel

Answer 8

The ability to recall events and facts from the past and bring them into the present. Being able to anticipate events in the future

Question 9

MTT is scrub jays

Answer 9

Scrub jays put worms in one side of an ice cube tray and peanuts in the other side. 4 hours later they check the worms side and not the peanut side because they know that worms will go off before peanuts

Question 10

Theory of mind

Answer 10

Understanding the beliefs and emotions of others

Question 11

ToM in chimpanzees

Answer 11

Create a video where a man dresses as a chimp and and the chimp hits the man, the man sees the chimp go behind a bail of hay and goes inside to get a stick, while he is inside the chimp moves to another bail of hay. The man comes outside and hits when he think the chimp is (the first bail of hay). Eye tracking shows that chimps look at the first bail of hay because they know that that’s where the man thinks he is.