Animal Breeding Programs Flashcards
a group of animals that only breed among themselves and show persistent differences uniform in performance, appearance, and selection history from other members of similar species
breed
differentiate native/indigenous breeds, exotic/introduced breeds, local breed, and transboundary breed
native/indigenous breeds - known to inhabit or originate from a particular area or region
exotic/introduced breeds - not native to a particular area or region
local breed - occur only in one country
transboundary breed - occur in more than on country or region
breeding program is also known as?
breeding scheme
a program aiming at defined breeding objectives for the production of a next generation of animals
breeding program (breeding scheme)
what is a breeding program a combination of?
- recording selected traits
- estimation of breeding values
-selection of potential parents - mating program for the selected parents including appropriate reproduction methods
a group of livestock owners/breeders having the same breed forms a ______________
bonus: why?
breed association
bonus: to safeguard the purity and merit of the breed and to promote the business interests of its members
provides a definition of purebred, maintain a public registry and issue certificates in respect of its breed
breed association
organized to determine which breeding animals are to be selected and used in an upper tier herd and the lower tier herd
bonus: what are the upper tier herd and lower tier herd and what do they composed of?
nucleaus breeding program
bonus:
nucleus herd (upper tier herd) - composed of elite (high performing) breeding animals
base herd (lower tier herd) - composed of a larger number of breeding animals
what are the important prerequisites for a successful animal breeding program?
availability of records of animal performance and reliable identification system
classification of nucleus herds program
closed nucleus breeding scheme and open nucleus breeding scheme
modified true or false:
open nucleus breeding scheme is more flexible than closed
bonus: how is it more flexible?
true
bonus: open nucleus breeding scheme allows animals from the base herd (lower tier) to contribute progeny to the nucleus herd (upper tier); high performing breeds may also be introduced or imported from other herds
variant of the nucleus breeding scheme includes a middle tier called?
bonus: what is the variant called?
multiplier herds
bonus: pyramid breeding structure
also called the commercial herd
base herd
differentiate the different tiers in the pyramid breeding structure
- nucleus herd
- top of the pyramid
- comprised of purebred herds and these pure lines or breeds are selected for particular traits or characteristics using a selection index in both sexes
- made up of many purebred breeders and several larger breeding companies whose nucleus stocks can be pure breeds or synthetic populations - multiplier herd
- middle tier of the pyramid
- contains more animals than nucleus tier
- bred and multiply the different purebred lines from nucleus herd to produce F1 cross (two way cross) animals
- F1 cross are sold and directly disseminated to commercial producers - base (/commercial) herd
- lowest tier of the pyramid
- made up of commercial production sector (including poor smallholder livestock raiser)
- contains the vast majority of animals in the population
- makes the final cross between the terminal sire line and maternal dam line
defined as when genotypes (breed types) respond differently in different environments
G x E (genotype x environment) interaction
Due to G x E interaction, there is a reranking of breeds in terms of their superiority in terms of productive and adaptive traits across various levels of production management environment
hence what is recommended?
it is recommended to use breed types best suited to the particular production environment
explain the effect of g x e interaction on productive adaptation (productive/adaptive reproductive traits) in a range of production and management environments given: high performing breeds, local/native breeds, tropical high performing breeds, and F1 cross HB x LB
bonus: give conclusion
- HB are the best breeds when given the highest level of production and management levels
- f1 cross HB x LB shows higher performance than LB and slightly higher than TB mainly due to heterosis
- under a low level of production and management, the productive adaptation of all breeds and crosses are similarly low
bonus: more sources of genetic variation in higher levels of production and management hence genetic improvement may be realized more by teaching poor smallholder farmers the benefits of continuously improving their animal husbandry practices regardless of the breed of animal
differentiate
1. high performing breeds
2. local/native breeds
3. tropical high performing breeds
4. F1 cross HB x LB
high performing breeds
- usually developed and imported from temperate countries
local/native breeds
- available non-descript commonly unimproved stocks of smallholder farmers which notably dominates the nation livestock inventory
tropical high perfoming breeds
- developed of a long term breeding program also abroad
F1 cross HB x LB
- result from experimentation coducted at local universities, government institutions, and private breeding farms
Enumerate reproductive technologies
- artifical insemination (AI) with fresh or frozen semen
- estrus synchronization
- multiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET)
- embryo splitting to produce groups of identical animals
- oocyte recovery and maturation
- in vitro maturation (IVM)
- in vitro fertilization (IVF)
- cryopreservation of semen and embryos
what are reproductive technologies used for?
to improve reproductive rate
define reproductive rate
number of progenies produced from each breeding animal per time
modified true or false:
several molecular genetic tests for deleterious genes are now available in different species
true
Common name of:
Bubalus bubalis
buffalo
Common name of:
Bos taurus and Bos indicus
cattle
Common name of:
Sus scrofa domesticus
pig/swine
Common name of:
Capra hircus
goat
Common name of:
Gallus gallus domesticus
chicken
Common name of:
Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata
duck
