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ASC382 Exam 2 > Animal Breeding > Flashcards

Animal Breeding Flashcards

1
Q

Genetics

A

science of heredity

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2
Q

Breeding

A

-selective mating of animals to increase the possibility of obtaining desired traits in the offspring
-refers to genetic change; goal to improve not simply reproduce

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3
Q

Heredity

A

transmission of genetics or physical traits of the sire and dam to the offspring

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4
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

-Austrian monk who conducted basic breeding experiments using garden peas
-“founder of modern genetics”

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5
Q

Sir Robert Bakewell

A

-father of animal breeding
-established factors paramount to sound animal breeding with objective selection
-used inbreeding and progeny testing

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6
Q

What animals did Bakewell use

A

-lecister sheep
-shire horses
-english longhorn cattle

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7
Q

What factors did Bakewell establish

A
  1. Establish a definite goal
  2. Breeding the best to the best
  3. Use proven sires
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8
Q

Gene

A

-normally appear in diploid (2n) pairs in each body cell of individual organisms
-located on chromosomes

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9
Q

Chromosomes

A

rodlike bodies found in the nucleus of the cell that contain genetic information
-occur in sets of 2
-all livestock are diploid (2n)

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10
Q

Alleles

A

two genes occupying corresponding loci in homologous chromosomes that affect the same hereditary trait but in different ways

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11
Q

Homozygous

A

same alleles (RR or rr)

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12
Q

Heterozygous

A

different alleles (Rr)

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13
Q

Genotype

A

genetic makeup of the animal
-for any pair of alleles, 3 genotypes are possible (2 homozygous (dominant and recessive) and 1 heterozygous)

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14
Q

Phenotype

A

the characteristics of the animal that can be seen and measured

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15
Q

Gametes

A

-germ or sex cells
-contain a single set of unpaired chromosomes (haploid, n)
-female = ovum
-male = sperm

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16
Q

Mammal female sex chromosomes

A

-carried by gametes
-homogametic (XX)
-produce ova with only X chromosomes

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17
Q

Mammal male sex chromosomes

A

-carried by gametes
-heterogametic (XY)
-produce sperm with X or Y chromosome

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18
Q

Avian female sex chromosomes

A

-carried by gametes
-heterogametic (ZW)
-produce ova with Z and W chromosomes

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19
Q

Avian male sex chromosomes

A

-carried by gametes
-homogametic (ZZ)
-produce sperm with only Z chromosomes

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20
Q

Dominant cattle traits

A

-black coat
-polled
-normal size
-normal muscling

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21
Q

Recessive cattle traits

A

-red coat
-horned
-dwarf
-double muscled

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22
Q

Dominant horse traits

A

-normal hair
-bay color

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23
Q

Recessive horse traits

A

-curly hair
-non-bay colors

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24
Q

Dominant poultry traits

A

-white skin
-feathered shanks

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25
Q

Recessive poultry traits

A

-yellow skin
-clean shanks

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26
Q

Dominant sheep traits

A

-wool
-white wool

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27
Q

Recessive sheep traits

A

-hair
-black wool

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28
Q

Dominant swine traits

A

-erect ears
-black hair

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29
Q

Recessive swine traits

A

-droopy ears
-red hair

30
Q

Horned vs. Polled

A

-dominant gene = polled (P)
-recessive gene = horned (p)

31
Q

Swine hair color

A

-dominant = black (B)
-recessive = red (b)

32
Q

Poultry skin color

A

-dominant = white (W)
-recessive = yellow (w)

33
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

one allele for a specific trait is not completely expressed over its paired allele.
-causes a 3rd phenotype that is a combination of the phenotypes of both alleles
ex.) shorthorn cattle coat color
-Red coat = RR
-White coat = WW
-Roan coat = RW

34
Q

Sex-linked

A

certain traits are associated with a gene that is carried by only the male or only the female parent.
ex.) Feather growth in broiler chickens
-Slow feather growth = dominant (F) on the Z chromosome
-Fast feather growth = recessive (f) on the Z chromosome

35
Q

Epistasis (overdominance)

A

the phenotypic expression at one locus depends on the genotype at a different locus
-the extension locus has two alleles E and e
-the dilution locus has two alleles D and d

36
Q

Black cattle color (epistasis)

A

-EE or Ee
-dd
EEdd or Eedd
(black non-diluted cow)

37
Q

Red cattle color (epistasis)

A

-ee
-dd
eedd
(red non-diluted cow)

38
Q

Smoke/silver cattle color (epistasis)

A

-EE or Ee
-Dd
EEDd or EeDd
(black partially diluted cow)

39
Q

Yellow cattle color (epistasis)

A

-ee
-Dd
eeDd
(red partially diluted cow)

40
Q

White parks cattle color (epistasis)

A

-EE or Ee
-DD
EEDD or EeDD
(black fully diluted cow)

41
Q

Charlais cattle color (epistasis)

A

-ee
-DD
eeDD
(red fully diluted cow)

42
Q

Semi-lethal factors

A

cause death in only some of the affected genotypes (rare in livestock and poultry)

43
Q

Lethal factors

A

cause death in all affected individuals
ex.) overo lethal white in horses
-O/O = lethal white foal
-n/O = carries a single copy for the frame overo, display overo markings
-n/n = solid colored horse

44
Q

Natural selection

A

represent forces of selection that are not decided by humans
-acts on alleles that contribute to survival and reproductive success (also called fitness)
-not being able to cope with the situation results in reduced fitness

45
Q

Artificial selection

A

allows humans to play a role in selection and decide which animals are allowed to have offspring and which are not
-a set of rules designed by humans to govern the probability that an individual survive and reproduces

46
Q

Gene frequency

A

the frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a population, expressed as a percentage.
-genetic changes in populations are produced by changes in gene frequency

47
Q

Mutations

A

the change in the gene that causes a sudden change in the phenotypic expression of that gene

48
Q

Selection

A

a potent force in changing the frequency of a gene or genes in a population

49
Q

Genetic drift

A

when the frequency of a gene may be very different in a larger population from which the smaller population was derived

50
Q

Qualitative traits

A

non-measurable traits that may be of great value to purebred producers but little value to commercial producers
ex.) coat color, ear carriage, horns

51
Q

Quantitative traits

A

measurable traits that measure the “quantity” of products produced by the animal
-great value to commercial breeders
ex.) weaning weight, pounds of milk, average daily gain

52
Q

Level of heritability

A

how likely the trait will be passed down

53
Q

Reproductive level of heretibility

A

low

54
Q

Growth and milk level of heretibility

A

medium (ADG, FE, lbs. milk)

55
Q

Carcass level of heretibility

A

high (marbling)

56
Q

Wool level of heretibility

A

very high (low environmental impact)

57
Q

Expected progeny difference (EPD)

A

the prediction of how future progeny of each animal are expected to perform relative to the progeny of other animals of the same breed

58
Q

Calving ease direct (CED)

A

predicts the average difference in ease with which a sire’s calves will be born when he is bred to first-calf heifers
-higher value = greater calving ease (want higher EPD)
-more accurate than BW
-expressed as a %

59
Q

Birth weight (BW

A

predictor of a sire’s ability to transmit birth weight to his progeny compared to that of other sires
-want a low EPD

60
Q

Weaning weight (WW)

A

predictor of a sire’s ability to transmit weaning growth to his progeny compared to that of other sires
-want a larger EPD = more $

61
Q

Yearling weight (YW)

A

predictor of a sire’s ability to transmit yearling growth to his progeny compared to that of other sires
-want a larger EPD

62
Q

Scrotal circumference (SC)

A

predictor of the difference in transmitting ability for scrotal size compared to that of other sires (size of testicles)
-larger circumference = more sperm/more fertile = daughters start estrus/puberty earlier

63
Q

Maternal milk (milk)

A

predictor of a sire’s genetic merit for milk and mothering ability
-that part of a calf’s weaning weight attributed to milk and mother ability
-want a larger EPD
-could not be a good thing if resources are low and the cow is depleting her resources producing a lot of milk

64
Q

Marbling (Marb)

A

expressed as a fraction of the difference in USDA marbling score of a sire’s progeny compared to progeny of other sires
-want a great marbling score

65
Q

Ribeye Area (RE)

A

expressed in square inches and is a predictor of the difference in ribeye area of a sire’s progeny compared to progeny of other sires
-larger ribeye = more muscling = more to sell
-want a larger number

66
Q

Carcass weight (CW)

A

expressed in pounds and is a predictor of the difference in hot carcass weight of a sire’s progeny compared to progeny of other sires
-want a higher number

67
Q

Actual data

A

a measurement of an animal’s performance with no consideration of environment or contemporary group comparisons

68
Q

Adjusted data

A

standardized to a certain age and/or mature age-of-dam basis (on the actual bull not the offspring)

69
Q

Birth weight (BW) of the bull

A

the weight of the animal at birth, measured in pounds

70
Q

Adjusted weaning weight (ADJ WW)

A

weaning weight reflects both the milking ability of the dam and the growth potential of the calf
-in order to compare calves of different ages and from different aged dams the actual reported weight is adjusted to a constant number of days of age (205 days)

71
Q

Adjusted yearling weight (ADJ 365)

A

in order to compare calves of different ages it is necessary to adjust the actual reported weight to a constant number of days of age (365 days)

ASC382 Exam 2 (6 decks)

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