anglų vocab Flashcards
hyperchromicity
the increase of uv light absorption while the DNA is melting
base flipping
the process when a part of z-DNA’s one base pair is flipped out or extracted from the DNA helix
hydrogen bonds
very weak bonds that involve sharing hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms
melting tempature
the tempeture ay which half of the bases in a dsDNA sample have denaturated
strand
a single chain of nucleotides
gene
a specific stretch of nucleotides in dna that is used to make a particular protein
amino acids
small molecules that are building blocks of proteins
The only difference between two amino acids is in their
R group
peptide bonds
bonds by which amino acids are joined together
polypeptide
a longer chain of amino acids
condensation
reaction when the amino group of one molecule reacts with the carboxyl group of the another molecule
residues
amino acids that are joined in a series of peptide bonds
resonance/mesomeria
molecules having a structure that can’t be represented by a single structural formula
transcription
process in which the DNA sequence of a gene is ‘rewritten’ in RNA
translation
process in which the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA is ‘translated’ into a sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide
the name of the start codon
methionine
degeneration
a state when an amino acid can be coded by more than one codon
messenger RNA carries
the genetic information in the form of the genetic code (triplet)
termination codon
the final codon in mRNA molecule that is read
protein
a molecule made of amino acids; a highly complex substance that is found in all living organisms
hydrophobic
doesn’t interact well with water
hydrophilic
interacts well with water
histones
small, positively charged proteins
chromosome
a thread-like structure found inside the nucleus of the cell
genome
the entire set of DNA instructions found in a cell
nucleosome
the basic structural unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotic cells
chromatin
a mixture of DNA and proteins that from chromosomes
nucleic acids
a long chain of nucleotides
hybridization
a complementary base pairing of strands from two different sources
cloverleaf
structure of tRNA drawn in 2D
coaxial/helical stacking
when the nucleotide bases from two separate base-paired stems stack and align to form a continuous helix
transfer RNA
RNA that delivers amino acid to the ribosome
DNA binding proteins (function)
hold DNA loop proteins in place
DNA looping and supercoiling (purpose)
makes the chromosome more compact so it could fit inside the nucleoid
a nucleosome consists of:
H1 histone, a histone octamer, a fragment of spooled DNA
