Anglo-Spanish Relations

Question 1

What style was Elizabeth’s foreign policy? (4 points)

Answer 1

1. Inspired by Henry VII
2. Defensive rather than aggressive.
3. Used marriage negotiations to form alliances.
4. Walshingham and Cecil wanted to pursue a Protestant policy, but Elizabeth was reluctant.

Question 2

Aims of Elizabeth’s foreign policy towards the Netherlands?

Answer 2

1. Remove Spanish armies from the Netherlands.
2. Preserve Spanish sovereignty, in order to prevent French expansion.
3. Keep the Netherlands semi-autonomous.
4. Preserve trading links.

Question 3

Aims of Elizabeth’s foreign policy towards Spain?

Answer 3

1. Challenge Spain’s trade monopoly in the New World.
2. Reduce Spain’s power in the Netherlands.
3. Prevent an invasion.

Question 4

Reasons for the deterioration of Anglo-Spanish relations? (4 themes.)

Answer 4

1. Economy/Trade:
   - England traded in the New World without a permit, challenging the Spanish monopoly.
   - England was reliant on the Netherlands for trade. Spain was aware of this.
   - Trade embargoes in 1563 and 1568.
   - 1568: Hawkins attacked on a slave trading voyage in South America.
   - 1568: Seizure of Spanish treasure ships.
2. Religion:
   - Underlying cause of the animosity.
   - Spanish ambassadors involved in Catholic plots.
   - The Dutch Rebels looked to England as a Protestant protector.
   - In 1584 Philip signs the Treaty of Joinville.

3: Defence/Security:
- It would be easy for Spain to attack England from the Netherlands.
- France’s power was deteriorating, meaning they no longer acted as a counterbalance.
- The acquisition of Portugal gave Spain a large and powerful navy.

4: Netherlands War:
- Elizabeth disliked the way Philip bypassed the Council of State.
- Elizabeth unofficially aided the rebels from 1572 onwards.
- Philip refused Elizabeth’s offer of mediation in 1575.
- Philip broke the Pacification of Ghent in 1577.
- England sent mercenaries in 1578.
- Elizabeth funded Alecon’s expedition in 1581.