Angio

Question 1

what is angio

Answer 1

imaging of blood vessels

Question 2

what dies angio use

Answer 2

contrast

arterial or venour puncture

Question 3

diagnostic angio

Answer 3

first steps in intervention produre

Question 4

why are angio used before transplant

Answer 4

know where vessels are
quality of the vessels
often replaced by CTA or MRIA

Question 5

what is didital subtraction angio

Answer 5

digital - done by computing processing
subtraction - removal of unwanted parts of image
angio - image of blood vessels

Question 6

how is subtraction achieved?

Answer 6

taken first image away from all subsequent images

- subsequent images may include contrast

Question 7

what is the first image taken called?

Answer 7

a mask

Question 8

what does pixel shifting do

Answer 8

remove any difference between mask image and subsequent images

Question 9

stages of DSA

Answer 9

Catheter introduction - positioned under flouro light
Test injection - confirms position of catheter and area that is to be imaged (small amount of contrast)
Series of images taken
Subtract images
Clinican review

Question 10

how many images are normally taken for DSA

Answer 10

approx 20

Question 11

what is diagnositic angio used for

Answer 11

viability of vessels 
stenosis
aneurysms 
AVM
Trauma e.g arotic rupture
Patency of grafts

Question 12

Cell dinger technique

Answer 12

needle placed into artery (normally femeral or bracial)
guide wire paced over needle into artery
needle removed
catheter threaded on guide wire
guide wire removed

Question 13

advantage of CTA

Answer 13

more detail

3D reconstruction

Question 14

disadvantage of CTA

Answer 14

if something is seen then still have to go to cath lab for interventions

Question 15

CTA spec and sens

Answer 15

cardiac - 74% sense , 70% spec

intercranial - 77% sens, 79% spec

Question 16

conventional angio specifity and sensivity

Answer 16

cardiac - 79% sens, 73% specificty

intracranial - 97% sensitivty 88% specificty

Question 17

interventional angio

Answer 17

angioplasty
stenst 
IV filters
thrombolitic treatments 
embolismation

Question 18

what does angioplastry invovle

Answer 18

insert needle 
insert guide wire
insert ballon - radioflour on each end to ensure correct placement 
inflate ballon
remove ballon and wires

Question 19

how many times is the ballon opened

Answer 19

3-4 times

Question 20

disadvantage of angioplstry

Answer 20

could dislodge some of the plaque

- risk of embolism

Question 21

use of a stent

Answer 21

same process as angioplastry
but stent is positioned around ballon
inflate ballon to open stent
remove ballon and leave stent

Question 22

stent grafts - what are they used for

Answer 22

aortic aneurysm

repair ruptured vessel

Question 23

thrombolysis

Answer 23

put an infucion of anticoagulant drugs into the patient
ensures the drugs go to the place where they are needed
- low dose
- bolous + low dose
- bolous + high dose

Question 24

embolisation

Answer 24

occuled blood vessels
used to stop a bleed and prevent th bleed going to other ares
stop blood going to a tumour

Question 25

what are the 3 types of embolictic materials used

Answer 25

coils - pernament
polyvinil alcholic particles - pernmanet
gel foam particles - temporary, used to stem bleed until vessel heals itself

Question 26

vena cava filter

Answer 26

instered into vena cava
traps anything lose in the blood stream
prevents it entering pulmoary or heart system

can be pernament ot tempoary

used when patiemts get recurrent pulmoary embolims or patients which cant have anticoagulants

Question 27

ablation - type of and what it does

Answer 27

radiofrequency - use radio waves to kill off tissue
hydrothermal
cyrobation - freeze tissue

use catheter to direct where the treatment is delivered

Question 28

what is ablation used for

Answer 28

kills of arrthymitic heart tissue
kills of endometrium tissue (for heavy periods)
killing tumours