angina pectoris

Question 1

defintion

Answer 1

this is due to myocardial ischaemia and presents as a central chest tightness or heaviness.

Question 2

precipants of angina

Answer 2

emotion
extreme cold
heavy metals

Question 3

associated symptoms

Answer 3

nausea
vomiting
sweating
faintness

Question 4

causes

Answer 4

CAD, rarely anaemia, aortic stenosism tachyarrthmias, arteritis, small vessel disease

Question 5

types of angina

Answer 5

stable
unstable
decubitus
variant angie

Question 6

stable angina definition

Answer 6

induced by effort, relieved by rest

Question 7

unstable angina

Answer 7

anginaof increasing frequency or severity; occurs on minimal exertion or at rest.

Question 8

variant angina

Answer 8

aka as Prinsmentals angina caused by conary artery spasm.

Question 9

management of angina

Answer 9

modify risk factors: stop smoking, encourage exercise, weightloss, control hypertension diabetes. 
Aspirin
B blockers
nitrates 
long acting calcium antagonist
k+ channel

Question 10

s/E of nitrates

Answer 10

headaches, hypotension

Question 11

which drugs should be avoided in prizmetal angina

Answer 11

b blockers…. cause vasospasms

Question 12

Foramen magnum herniation (or Arnold Chiari malformation

Answer 12

is a congenital malformation and occurs when the cerebellar vermis, cerebellar tonsils, and medulla herniate through the foramen magnum along with cerebral aqueductal stenosis and breaking of the tectal plate. This results in stretching of CN IX, CN X, and CN XII and compression of medulla.

Question 13

Crouzon syndrome (CR

Answer 13

CR is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by a missense mutation in the FGFR2 gene on chromosome 10q25-q26 for fibroblast growth factor receptor 2. These missense mutations result in constitutive activation of FGFR2 (i.e., a gainof-function mutation), which indicates that FGFR2 normally inhibits bone growth. Clinical findings include premature craniosynostosis, midface hypoplasia with shallow orbits, ocular proptosis, mandibular prognathism, normal extremities, progressive hydrocephalus, and no mental retardation. The photograph shows a young boy with Crouzon syndrome.

Question 14

Petrosquamous fissure

Answer 14

The petrous and squamous portions of the temporal bone are separated by the petrosquamous fissure, which opens directly into the mastoid antrum of the middle ear. This fissure, which may remain open until 20 years of age, provides a route for the spread of infection from the middle ear to the meninges.

Question 15

5 layers of the scalp

Answer 15

skin
connective tissue
aponeurosis 
loose connective tissue
pericranium

Question 16

which meninge cause pain

Answer 16

dura mater

Question 17

the pain after a lumbar puncture

Answer 17

caused by the stretchingw of the dura mater. pain caused by cranial nerve V.

Question 18

muscles of mastication

Answer 18

temporal
masseter
lateral pterygoid
medial ptetygoid

Question 19

branches of the aorta

Answer 19

brachiocephalic
left common carotid artery
leftubclavian

Question 20

branches of external carotid

Answer 20

superior thyroid artey
lingual artery
facial artery
occipital artery
superficial temporal artery