Angenosis

Question 1

At which stage does endothelial cells barely divide?

Answer 1

Adult life

Question 2

what are the two processes responsible for the formation of new blood vessel

Answer 2

vasculogensis and angiogensis

Question 3

what are mural cells and why is it important?

Answer 3

Mural cellsare the vascular smooth musclecells(vSMCs), and pericytes of the microcirculation. They are important for vascular development and stability

Question 4

which stage is responsible for the maturation of the primitive vascular system?

Answer 4

angiogenesis

Question 5

what is another name for primitive vascular network?

Answer 5

capillary plexus

Question 6

what is angiogensis?

Answer 6

The formation of vascular sprouts from pre-existing vessels

Question 7

which stage of life does angiogenesis occur in?

Answer 7

during development and post natal

Question 8

when and where is angiogenesis is regulated for a short period and then inhibited?

Answer 8

• when blood vessel is forming in the placenta
• when a wound is healing
• thickening of the endometrium during the mensural cycle

Question 9

what are the ‘on’ and ‘off’ switches known in angiogensis?

Answer 9

on= angiogenesis stimulating growth factor
off= angiogenesis inhibitors

Question 10

how is angiogenesis turned off?

Answer 10

when the anti-angiogenic factors are up-regulated and overcome the on switches (pro-angiogenics)

Question 11

which diseases is associated with switched on angiogenesis due to higher level of stimulators?

Answer 11

• cancer
• oculars disorders (diabetic retinopathy)
• plaques
• crohn’s disease
• rheumatoid arthritis (destroyed cartilage= immobility )
• obesity
• psoriasis (severe itching)

Question 12

which diseases is associated with switched off angiogenesis due to higher level of inhibitors?

Answer 12

heart diseases

impaired vascularisation capacity

Question 13

What are two diseases are a cause of neovascularization on the retina?

Answer 13

Age related macular degeneration

retina retinopathy

Question 14

due to angiogensis, a plaque thickening the blood vessels as a result of low oxygen reach

Answer 14

Atherosclerotic plaques

Question 15

how is angiogenesis triggered by tumour cells?

Answer 15

When the tumour inner cells becomes hypoxic (because it is further away from the blood vessel) it produces the angionic mediators (growth factors)= angiogenesis = production of new blood vessel= tumour gets bigger and allows the transport mechanism of metastatic spread

Question 16

which peptide growth factor is involved in proliferation, migration and differentiation?

Answer 16

Vascular endothelial growth factor, FGF2 (fibroblast growth factor ) and PDGF (Platelet derived growth factor )

Question 17

in the multi-step process of angiogenesis , what are the 3 important components?

Answer 17

• cells
• soluble factors
• extracellular matrix

Question 18

why is VEGF important in the initiation of angiogenesis?

Answer 18

it regulates the vascular permeability

Question 19

What are the key pro-angiogenic factors?

Answer 19

VEGF
ANG-1- angiopiotein 1
FGF-2-fibroblast growth factor
PDGF-platelet dervied growth factor

Question 20

what leads to embryonic lathality?

Answer 20

loss of one VEGF allele

Question 21

what stimulates VEGF mRNA transcriptions?

Answer 21

Growth factors and cytokines, PDGF and epidermal growth factor(PDG,EGF. TNF-a)

Question 22

Which receptors VEGF binds to? What type of receptor are they?

Answer 22

VEGFR-1 AND VEGFR-2

Tyrosine kinase

Question 23

what regulates the VEGF receptor gene expression?

Answer 23

hypoxia

Question 24

what are the receptors angiopioetins bind to?

Answer 24

TIE-1 & 2 (tyrosine kinase w immunoglobulin- and endothelial growth factor (EGF)-like domains)

in endothelial cells

Question 25

what type of receptor does both angiopiotein , fibroblast growth factor and PDGF have in common?

Answer 25

Tyrosine-kinase receptor

Question 26

what is ANG1 and 2 function once bound to TIE

Answer 26

vasculorgensis , vascular repair and maturation

Question 27

whats ANG1 solely function?

Answer 27

signal transduction and maturation

Question 28

Tie-1 modulates the activity of ….

Answer 28

Tie 2

Question 29

what are the two receptor FGF-2 binds to ?

Answer 29

high affinity tyrosine-kinase FGF receptors (FGFRs)
and
low affinity heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs)

Question 30

what happens when FGF-2 binds to FGFR?

Answer 30

endothelial cell proliferation and migration, differentiation, protease production, and angiogenesis and extracellular degradation

Question 31

which receptor does platelet derived growth factor binds to?

Answer 31

PDGF-BR (blood receptor?) on endothelial cells

Question 32

whats PDGF function?

Answer 32

-Induce production of other growth factor.
-Endothelial migration
-Fasciliating vascular tube formation
-recruit SM cells and pericytes to stabilize the newly formed vasculature
IMPORTANT FOR MATURATION AND STABILIZATION

Question 33

how are PDGFR activated?

Answer 33

by homodimer binding

Question 34

how many types of PDGF exsists?

Answer 34

4

Question 35

what is PDGF - A , B & C involved in

Answer 35

A and C= stromal cell recruiting factor

B=promotes recruitment of pericytes in the microvasculature

Question 36

what two aniogensis meidator that are mainly focused on maturation of vessels?

Answer 36

PDGF and VEGF cooperate to generate more mature vessels with large diameter and more uniformed size shape, with more pericytes and smooth muscle cells

Question 37

The basement membrane breakdown is characterized by (long ans)

Answer 37

proteolysis of plasminogen to plasmin with the urokinase-plasminogen activator (uPA). Plasmin have function of cleavages that ensure a balance between MMPs (matrix meta proteases) and TMPs. Degradation of collagenous and fibrous protein is increased

Question 38

based the typical angiogenic factors tumours produce, what does it release?

Answer 38

stromal cell-recruitment factors, such as PDGF-A, PDGF-C or transforming growth factor (TGF)-b

Question 39

what are storma cells?

Answer 39

An additional source of angiogenic factors and a heterogenous compartment comprising fibroblastic, inflammatory and immune cells.

Question 40

what ensures the stabilisation of new vascular sprout?

Answer 40

pericytes and smooth muscle cells, which is regulated by PDGF.