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Principles 2 Pharmacology Review > Anesthesia Gases > Flashcards

Anesthesia Gases Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following effects are produced by inhaled anesthetics (excluding nitrous oxide)?

A) Significant analgesia
B) Immobility
C) Amnesia
D) Increase in skeletal muscle tone

A

3

B) Immobility,
C) Amnesia

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2
Q

What is the primary mechanism by which inhaled anesthetics produce immobility?

A) By enhancing excitatory channels
B) By inhibiting pain receptors in the brain
C) By actions on the spinal cord
D) By increasing skeletal muscle tone

A

3

C) By actions on the spinal cord

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3
Q

Which statements about the Minimum Alveolar Concentration (MAC) are true? [SATA]

A) MAC is the concentration at which 50% of patients will respond to a surgical incision.
B) MAC values are additive with other anesthetic agents.
C) MAC represents the potency of an inhaled anesthetic.
D) MAC is the alveolar concentration at which 50% of patients will not show a motor response to a surgical incision.

A

B) MAC values are additive with other anesthetic agents.
C) MAC represents the potency of an inhaled anesthetic.
D) MAC is the alveolar concentration at which 50% of patients will not show a motor response to a surgical incision.

#3

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4
Q

What distinguishes nitrous oxide from other inhaled anesthetics in terms of skeletal muscle tone?

A) It decreases skeletal muscle tone
B) It has no effect on skeletal muscle tone
C) It increases skeletal muscle tone
D) It only affects skeletal muscle tone at high doses

A

3

A) It decreases skeletal muscle tone

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5
Q

Which of the following are correct about the variability in patient response to MAC? [SATA]

A) 95% of patients will respond to 1.2 MAC.
B) 99% of patients will respond to 1.3 MAC.
C) The standard deviation of MAC is about 5%.
D) The MAC value assumes the presence of other sedative or hypnotic drugs.

A

3

A) 95% of patients will respond to 1.2 MAC.
B) 99% of patients will respond to 1.3 MAC.

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6
Q

What is the standard deviation of MAC in the general population?

A) 5%
B) 10%
C) 15%
D) 20%

A

3

B) 10%

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7
Q

Which of the following are true about the analgesic effects of inhaled anesthetics? [SATA]

A) They provide significant analgesia.
B) Nitrous oxide is an exception in its effects.
C) Most inhaled anesthetics do not affect skeletal muscle tone.
D) They produce amnesia.

A

3

B) Nitrous oxide is an exception in its effects.
C) Most inhaled anesthetics do not affect skeletal muscle tone.
D) They produce amnesia.

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8
Q

What is the main function of MAC in clinical settings?

A) To measure the depth of anesthesia.
B) To quantify the concentration at which 99% of patients will be unconscious.
C) To standardize the dosage of inhaled anesthetics needed to prevent movement in 50% of patients.
D) To determine the safest dose for all patients.

A

3

C) To standardize the dosage of inhaled anesthetics needed to prevent movement in 50% of patients.

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9
Q

Which factors might contribute to the action of inhaled anesthetics in producing immobility?

A) Actions on the spinal cord
B) Enhancing inhibitory channels
C) Binding to opioid receptors
D) Attenuating excitatory channels

A

3

A) Actions on the spinal cord
B) Enhancing inhibitory channels
D) Attenuating excitatory channels

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10
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the role of nitrous oxide compared to other inhaled anesthetics?

A) It is more effective at producing analgesia.
B) It increases skeletal muscle tone, unlike others.
C) It is less potent than other anesthetics.
D) It has a higher MAC value than other agents.

A

3

B) It increases skeletal muscle tone, unlike others.

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11
Q
  • Which of the following inhaled anesthetics decrease blood pressure? [SATA]

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

#6

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12
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic does not change systemic vascular resistance?

A) Halothane
B) Isoflurane
C) Desflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

6

D) Nitrous Oxide

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13
Q

Which inhaled anesthetics increase respiratory rate?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

6

C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

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14
Q

Which anesthetic significantly decreases tidal volume the most?

A) Halothane
B) Isoflurane
C) Desflurane
D) Sevoflurane

A

6

A) Halothane

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15
Q

Which of the following anesthetics increase cerebral blood flow?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

6

All of them

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16
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic has the least effect on renal blood flow?

A) Halothane
B) Isoflurane
C) Desflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

6

D) Nitrous Oxide

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17
Q

Which anesthetics cause an increase in cerebral metabolic rate?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

6

A) Nitrous Oxide

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18
Q

Which anesthetic shows no significant change in blood pressure?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane

A

6

A) Nitrous Oxide

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19
Q

Which inhaled anesthetics decrease cardiac output?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

6

B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane

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20
Q

Which anesthetic is most likely to increase systemic vascular resistance?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane

A

6

A) Nitrous Oxide

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21
Q

Which anesthetics are associated with an increase in respiratory rate?

A) Halothane
B) Isoflurane
C) Desflurane
D) Sevoflurane

A

6

B) Isoflurane
C) Desflurane
D) Sevoflurane

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22
Q

Which anesthetic causes the least increase in heart rate?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane

A

6

B) Halothane

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23
Q

Which anesthetics increase cerebral blood flow and intracranial pressure?

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane
C) Isoflurane
D) Desflurane
E) Sevoflurane

A

6

A) Nitrous Oxide
B) Halothane

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24
Q

Which of the following are characteristics of Desflurane?

A) Airway irritant
B) Low solubility
C) Good for obese patients
D) Very inexpensive
E) Needs a special heated vaporizer

A

7

A) Airway irritant
B) Low solubility
C) Good for obese patients
E) Needs a special heated vaporizer

25
Q

What is a major disadvantage of Desflurane in clinical use?

A) It is very soluble
B) It is inexpensive
C) It can increase heart rate and is an airway irritant
D) It is difficult to administer

A

7

C) It can increase heart rate and is an airway irritant

26
Q

Which of the following are true about Sevoflurane?

A) Not irritating to the airway
B) Causes emergence delirium in kids
C) Very expensive
D) Can cause nephrotoxicity in rats
E) Commonly used in pediatric induction

A

7

A) Not irritating to the airway
B) Causes emergence delirium in kids
D) Can cause nephrotoxicity in rats
E) Commonly used in pediatric induction

27
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic is commonly used for pediatric induction and is not irritating to the airway?

A) Desflurane
B) Sevoflurane
C) Isoflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

7

B) Sevoflurane

28
Q

Which statements about Isoflurane are accurate?

A) Not used often due to high lipid solubility
B) Very cheap
C) Suitable for long cases where quick extubation is not expected
D) Causes rapid emergence
E) Commonly used for sick ICU patients on ventilators

A

7

B) Very cheap
C) Suitable for long cases where quick extubation is not expected
E) Commonly used for sick ICU patients on ventilators

29
Q

Which anesthetic is very cheap, highly lipid soluble, and suitable for long cases where quick extubation is not expected?

A) Desflurane
B) Sevoflurane
C) Isoflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

7

C) Isoflurane

30
Q

Which characteristics are associated with Nitrous Oxide?

A) Used as a solo anesthetic gas
B) Provides analgesia
C) Helps decrease the use of primary anesthesia agents
D) Often used in neuro and bowel cases
E) Can cause nausea and vomiting at higher doses

A

7

B) Provides analgesia
C) Helps decrease the use of primary anesthesia agents
E) Can cause nausea and vomiting at higher doses

31
Q

Which of the following is NOT true about Nitrous Oxide?

A) It can be used to help wake up patients
B) It is commonly used as a solo anesthetic gas
C) It provides analgesia
D) It is not recommended for use in neuro or bowel cases

A

7

B) It is commonly used as a solo anesthetic gas

32
Q

Which of the following are benefits of using Desflurane in anesthesia?

A) Quick onset and offset due to low solubility
B) Good for obese patients
C) Does not require a special vaporizer
D) Very cheap

A

7

A) Quick onset and offset due to low solubility
B) Good for obese patients

33
Q

What is a major drawback of Sevoflurane despite its common use?

A) It is an airway irritant
B) It has been indicated to cause nephrotoxicity in rats
C) It is very expensive
D) It has a long emergence time

A

7

B) It has been indicated to cause nephrotoxicity in rats

34
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic is known to cause emergence delirium in children?

A) Desflurane
B) Sevoflurane
C) Isoflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

7

B) Sevoflurane

35
Q

Which of the following characteristics apply to Isoflurane?

A) Very lipid-soluble
B) Causes rapid emergence
C) Suitable for long cases
D) Expensive to use

A

7

A) Very lipid-soluble
C) Suitable for long cases

36
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic is least likely to irritate the airway and is commonly used in pediatric patients?

A) Desflurane
B) Sevoflurane
C) Isoflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

7

B) Sevoflurane

37
Q

What are some of the downsides of using Nitrous Oxide?

A) It can cause nausea and vomiting at higher doses
B) It is commonly used as a solo anesthesia gas
C) It is not suitable for neuro or most bowel cases
D) It increases the need for primary anesthetic agents

A

7

A) It can cause nausea and vomiting at higher doses
C) It is not suitable for neuro or most bowel cases

38
Q

Which inhaled anesthetic is described as “stinks” and “can increase heart rate”?

A) Desflurane
B) Sevoflurane
C) Isoflurane
D) Nitrous Oxide

A

7

A) Desflurane

39
Q

Which of the following factors increase anesthetic requirements?

A) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)
B) Acute alcohol use (Acute ETOH)
C) Red hair
D) Elderly patients
E) Hyperthermia

A

8

A) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)
C) Red hair
E) Hyperthermia

40
Q

Which patient group is known to have the highest MAC at 6 months, thus requiring more anesthesia?

A) Adults
B) Infants
C) Elderly patients
D) Pregnant women

A

8

B) Infants

41
Q

Which of the following factors decrease anesthetic requirements?

A) Anemia (Hgb < 5 g/dL)
B) Hypoxia
C) Hypernatremia
D) Hypothermia
E) Pregnancy

A

8

A) Anemia (Hgb < 5 g/dL)
B) Hypoxia
D) Hypothermia
E) Pregnancy

42
Q

Which of the following conditions is likely to increase the amount of anesthetic needed?

A) Hypothermia
B) Acute alcohol use (Acute ETOH)
C) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)
D) Anemia

A

8

C) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)

43
Q

Which conditions are associated with increased anesthetic requirements?

A) Hypernatremia
B) Hypothermia
C) Hypercarbia
D) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)
E) Infants

A

8

A) Hypernatremia
D) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)
E) Infants

44
Q

Which of the following factors decreases anesthetic requirements?

A) Hyperthermia
B) Red hair
C) Pregnancy
D) Hypernatremia

A

8

C) Pregnancy

45
Q

Which of the following factors lead to decreased anesthetic requirements?

A) Elderly patients
B) Hypoxia
C) Red hair
D) Hypercarbia
E) Chronic alcohol use (Chronic ETOH)

A

8

A) Elderly patients
B) Hypoxia
D) Hypercarbia

46
Q

Which factor is most likely to decrease anesthetic requirements in a patient?

A) Hyperthermia
B) Hypernatremia
C) Hypothermia
D) Red hair

A

8

C) Hypothermia

47
Q

Which of the following are reasons for using gas in anesthesia?

A) Speed of onset
B) Easily titratable
C) Requires complex metabolism
D) Narrow therapeutic window

A

9

A) Speed of onset
B) Easily titratable
D) Narrow therapeutic window

48
Q

What is one of the main advantages of using gas in anesthesia related to its pharmacokinetics?

A) It has extensive metabolism
B) It has little or no metabolism
C) It is slow to take effect
D) It is not titratable

A

9

B) It has little or no metabolism

49
Q

What characteristics make anesthetic gases effective?

A) Speed of onset
B) Narrow therapeutic window
C) Extensive metabolism
D) Titratable on a steep dose-response curve

A

9

A) Speed of onset
B) Narrow therapeutic window
D) Titratable on a steep dose-response curve

50
Q

What does the statement “Watching what the patient breathes in and out tells us what is in the patient’s brain” imply about anesthetic gases?

A) Their effects are difficult to monitor
B) They provide a direct measure of brain concentration
C) They require invasive monitoring techniques
D) Their therapeutic effects are unpredictable

A

9

B) They provide a direct measure of brain concentration

51
Q

Why are anesthetic gases considered easily titratable?

A) They work on a steep part of the dose-response curve
B) They have a slow onset
C) They are metabolized rapidly
D) They have a wide therapeutic window

A

9

A) They work on a steep part of the dose-response curve

52
Q

Which of the following benefits do anesthetic gases offer for monitoring during surgery?

A) Real-time monitoring of brain concentration via breathing
B) Slow adjustments in anesthetic depth
C) Non-invasive assessment of drug effect
D) Extensive metabolism tracking

A

9

A) Real-time monitoring of brain concentration via breathing

53
Q

What is a primary advantage of the speed of onset in anesthetic gases?

A) It allows for slow titration
B) It reduces the need for monitoring
C) It provides rapid control of anesthesia depth
D) It increases the risk of side effects

A

9

C) It provides rapid control of anesthesia depth

54
Q

Which of the following points are highlighted about anesthesia gases?

A) We don’t really know how they work
B) Differences between gases are insignificant
C) Provider preference plays a role in selection
D) Pediatrics often involves a choice between Sevoflurane and Desflurane

A

B) Differences between gases are insignificant
C) Provider preference plays a role in selection
D) Pediatrics often involves a choice between Sevoflurane and Desflurane

#10

55
Q

Which statement best describes the current understanding of how anesthesia gases work?

A) They are fully understood at the molecular level
B) Their exact mechanism of action is still not completely known
C) They are primarily used based on trial and error
D) They work by a universal mechanism regardless of the gas type

A

10

B) Their exact mechanism of action is still not completely known

56
Q

In the context of pediatric anesthesia, which two gases are commonly compared?

A) Isoflurane and Desflurane
B) Nitrous Oxide and Sevoflurane
C) Sevoflurane and Desflurane
D) Halothane and Sevoflurane

A

10

C) Sevoflurane and Desflurane

57
Q

What is a key takeaway about the differences between anesthesia gases?

A) They all work in the same way
B) Differences are well understood and consistent across providers
C) Provider preference and specific clinical situations often guide choice
D) Only cost differences matter

A

10

C) Provider preference and specific clinical situations often guide choice

58
Q

Which statement summarizes the “Brief Rundown” of anesthesia gases?

A) All anesthesia gases work the same, regardless of the patient
B) Differences between gases are inconsequential
C) Understanding of their mechanisms is incomplete, and provider preference plays a key role
D) Pediatrics always involves the use of Sevoflurane

A

10

C) Understanding of their mechanisms is incomplete, and provider preference plays a key role

Principles 2 Pharmacology Review (3 decks)

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