Anesthesia Considerations for Premie, Neonate, and Peds Flashcards

1
Q

special anesthesia considerations for kids

A
  • infection risk
  • IVH
  • apnea risk
  • temperature control
  • ventilation/oxygenation
  • saturation goals 90-94%
  • glucose, fluid and lyte management
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2
Q

MAC

A

inhaled anesthetic depth at which 50% of patients respond to painful stimulus with movement

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3
Q

MAC in prematurity

A
  • varies with age and espeically in premies and critically ill infants
  • more susceptible to cardio-depressant effects of inhalational anesthetics
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4
Q

fetal hemoglobin

A
  • main oxygen transport moelecule in utero and persists to 6 months of age
  • functionally able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin
  • results in leftward shift of oxy-hgb dissociation curve
  • concentration of HbF in utero is 50% greater than that of the mother
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5
Q

physiologic anemia in the newborn

A
  • healthy term infants, fetal hemoglobin concentration falls during the 9th and 12th weeks
  • due to decrease in erythropoiesis and shorter RBC lifespan
  • premies have slightly lower hgb levels at brith
  • nadir lower and reached earlier around 4-8 weeks
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6
Q

nadir of hgb in term infants

A

10-11 g/dL

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7
Q

nadir of Hgb in premies

A

7-9 g/dL

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8
Q

when does Hgb stabilize

A

3rd month of life at around 11-12 g/dL

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9
Q

PDA ligation

A
  • PDA may incur significant L to R shunting –> excess pulmonary blood flow –> CHF –> resp failure
  • pulm HTN or RDS of infant may cause R to L shunting –> cyanosis
  • surgical therapy = left thoracotomy, retraction of L lung
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10
Q

PDA medical therapy

A
  • admin of COX inhibitor

- indomethacin or ibuprofen

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11
Q

preop for PDA ligation

A
  • assess art pressure, HR, ABG, vent settings, and FiO2
  • severe bleeding may occur quickly due to the close proximity to aorta and pulmonary artery –> HAVE PRBCs ready to go!!
  • ABX (risk for endocarditis)
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12
Q

introp management of PDA ligation

A
  • BP monitoring (R arm = cerebral perfusion)
  • pulse ox on R arm and lower extremity (to monitor pre and post ductal sats)
  • ETCO2 monitoring
  • ETT minimal leak because surgical retraction of lung may mean increased inspiratory pressure and inspired oxygen
  • opioids, amnestic and muscle relaxation
  • intercostal nerve block by surgeon at completion of surgery
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13
Q

complications of PDA ligation

A
  • inadvertent ligation/lac of aorta or pulmonary artery
  • aortic clamp = loss of signal to lower extremity pulse ox
  • pulm artery clamp = decrease oxygen sat to both extremities and end tidal CO2
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14
Q

what happens if PDA ligation is successful?

A
  • increased arterial diastolic and mean pressure

- PDA murmur disappears

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15
Q

NEC (necrotizing enterocolitis)

A
  • illness most often found in LBW with mortality of 50%
  • 85% cases infants <1500g
  • morbidity with NEC = short gut, sepsis, adhesions
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16
Q

NEC cause

A
  • uncertain and mutlifactoral

- result = intestinal mucosa injury secondary to ischemia and ulceration of bowel

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17
Q

early signs of NEC

A
  • abdominal distention
  • bloody diarrhea
  • temperature instability
  • lethargy
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18
Q

what is indication of urgent/emergent surgery for NEC?

A
  • bowel perf and free air in the abdominal cavity

- need to resect the dead bowel

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19
Q

NEC presentation

A
  • metabolic and hematologic abnormalities
  • hyperkalemia
  • hyponatremia
  • metabolic acidosis
  • hyper or hypoglycemia
  • coagulopathy/DIC
  • anemia
  • intubated, unstable, NGT/OGT
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20
Q

surgical management of NEC

A
  • EMERGENCY
  • intestine can no longer hold waste, so bacteria may pass into bloodstream –> sepsis
  • involves initial primary peritoneal drainage or laparotomy with resection of necrotic bowel
  • primary peritoneal drainage = smaller incision, fewer anesthetic requirements, done at bedside
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21
Q

anesthetic management of NEC

A
  • aspiration risk –> RSI or awake intubation
  • inhalation agents poorly tolerated due to low BP; narcotic technique with muscle relaxation for hemodynamic instability
  • avoid N2O
  • vascular access (at least 2)
  • vasopressor infusions (dopa and epi) for maintenance of renal perfusion and CO
  • large fluid loss and blood loss
  • transfusion in neonates per kg
  • correct electrolytes and glucose
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22
Q

PRBCs for kiddos

A

10-15 mL/kg

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23
Q

FFP for kiddos

A

10-15 mL/kg

24
Q

allowable blood loss formula

A

ABL = [EBV x (starting Hct - allowable Hct)]/starting Hct

25
inguinal hernia repair
- common in premies - complications = incarcerated bowel, intestinal obstruction, gonadal infarction, infection, hematoma, recurrent hernias - general and/or regional - LMA if defect is small - ETT for large defect
26
Eye surgery for ROP
-treated with cryotherapy, laser photocoagulation, slceral buckling surgery and/or vitrectomy
27
diode laser photocoagulation for ROP
- for moderate ROP, maybe bedside - 10-30 min treatments in series every few weeks - topical anesthesia alone, IV sedation, or GA
28
cryotherapy for ROP
- applies a freezing probe to the avascular retina in the OR - requires GA - often between 32 and 42 weeks PCA
29
slceral buckling and vitrectomy
- less frequently used with better screening and earlier treatment, performed for severe ROP with retinal detachment in the OR - requires GA - child is often older 6 months to 1 year
30
anesthesia for radiologic imaging
- MRI replacing US and CT for assessment of IVH due to lack of radiation exposure and is able to identify congenital lesions, vascular malformations and ischemic injury - requires immobility - anesthesia ranges from oral meds, sedation to general - off site anesthesia considerations along with MRI compatible monitoring - monitoring for post-op apnea considerations
31
CDH
- congenital diaphragmatic hernia - diaphragm normally completes formation during 7th-10th week - anatomic defects permit intrusion of abdominal contents into thoracic cavity
32
early CDH
- abdominal mass inhibits normal cardiopulmonary growth - severity of lung hypoplasia - associated with severe morbidity and mortality - negatively correlates with gestational age at the time the hernia occurred
33
late CDH
- occurs near or even after delivery | - associated with mature, well developed lungs and minimal problems with ventilation
34
bochdalek type hernia
- 95% of CDH | - more likely to have concurrent birth defects including CHD and chromosomal abnormalities
35
hallmark signs of CDH
- hypoxia - scaphoid abdomen - evidence of bowel in thorax
36
why is CDH potentially lethal?
- pulmonary HTN - pulmonary hypoplasia - associated cardiac or congenital defects
37
CDH surgical approach
- surgery = standard of care in 1980s - subcostal incision or thoracic laparoscopic - recurrent defect may be approached through the abdomen and minimally invasive - primary closure vs synthetic patch - surgery may be delayed until cardiorespiratory and medically stabilized - may occur before, after or during ECMO - surgery transiently worsens pulm HTN and may cause persistent fetal circulation - CDH outcomes function of the underlying pulm hypoplasia and pulm HTN
38
anesthetic management of CDH repair
- initial management includes definitive airway control and optimization of oxygenation and ventilation - avoid mask ventilation to limit gastric insufflation - supine or lateral - pre and post ductal sat monitoring - reactive pulmonary vasculature - PIV x2, +/- CVC, aline (serial ABGs) - EBL 5-10 mL/kg - paralysis, narcotics, limited inhalation agent - limited inspired O2, avoid N2O - supportive care during transport may be challenging
39
omphalocele & gastroschisis
- external herniation of abdominal contents through an anterior abdominal wall defect - may present with impaired blood supply to herniated organs, intestinal obstruction, and major intravascular fluid deficits - ultrasound confirms presence - large defects = C-section
40
gastroschisis
- intestines outside the abdomen through a hole in the abdomen - just right of the umbilical cord - exstrophy of belly/viscera through an abdominal wall gap - results of occlusion of the omphalomesenteric artery during gestation - 1 in 15,000 births - not usually associated with other congential abnormalities - herniated viscera are exposed to air after delivery resulting is worsening inflammation, edema, dilation with abnormal bowel function
41
omphalocele
- the intestines, liver, and other organs remain outside the abdomen in a sac - usually right by the umbilical ring - result of failure of the gut to migrate from the yolk sac into the abdomen - 1 in 6000 births - associated genetic, cardiac, urologic and metabolic abnormalities - viscera emerge from the umbilicus and are covered with a membranous sac
42
management for gastroschisis and omphalocele
- maintenance of perfusion and reduction of fluid loss - closure of abdomen is goal, however often delayed to avoid exposing the viscera to excessive pressure - high intra-abdominal pressure may result in cardiorespiratory failure, renal failure, decreased hepatic function, ischemic bowel and death - pressures > 20 mmHg poorly tolerated - silo = temporary housing for bowel
43
anesthetic considerations for gastroschisis and omphalocele
- assess for associated anomalies - increased IAP; gastric tube inserted to decompress stomach - severe electrolyte disturbances, monitor blood glucose - rehydrate (gastroschisis lose more fluid than omphalocele) - prevent hypothermia - aspiration risk maybe RSI, avoid N2O - risk for infection
44
postoperative considerations for gastroschisis and omphalocele
- assess ability to extubate - continue gastric suction until bowel function recovers - continue IV fluids and glucose - may require IV alimentation (weeks to months) - often remain intubated with IV sedation, paralytics and opioids until clinical status stabilizes
45
criteria for aborting primary closure
- intragastric pressure > 20 mmHg - intravesical pressure > 20 mmHg - end-tidal carbon dioxide 50 mmHg or higher - max ventilatory pressure of 35 cmH2O or greater
46
TEF
- tracheoesophageal fistula - 1 in 3500 live births - due to incomplete separation of the trachea and esophagus that begins during the 4th-5th week gestation - survival >95% - risks = pneumonia, poor nutrition, gastric distention (impairs ventilation)
47
S/S used to diagnose esophageal atresia with or without TEF
- excessive secretions - coughing - choking after first feeding - recurrent pneumonias - OG cannot be passed into the stomach
48
surgical repair of EA and TEF
- ligation of fistula and anastomosis of esophagus - urgent but not emergent - +/- G tube - ligation of fistula - anastomoese of esophagus atretic segments - left lateral decubitus and R thoractomy (so effectively 1 lung ventilation due to the retractor)
49
how many types of TEF/EA are there?
5 | vary by the location of the fistula
50
what is the most common type of TEF/EA?
EA with distal TEF | type C/IIIB
51
TEF and anesthesia
- challenging airway - consider fiberoptic and awake intubation (minimizes gastric distention, allows precise placement of ETT cuff) - inhalation induction, avoid PPV, maintain spontaneous ventilation - RSI - confirm ETT placement - crucial to place ETT between fistula and carina (distal to fistula; some will R mainstem and slowly withdraw until BBSE)
52
monitoring and hemodynamics for TEF
- left lateral position - standard monitors - a line for Q1H abgs - L sided precordial to assess for tube migration - minimal blood loss, BUT surgical site is close to some pretty big vessels! - glucose infusion and monitoring
53
maintenance of anesthesia for TEF
- combination of inhaled and opioids - avoid N2O - muscle relaxation - large surgical surface area (at risk for hypothermia) - surgical traction may compromise lung, great vessels, trachea, heart and vagus nerve
54
TEF post op
- early extubation because prevents prolonged pressure of ETT on surgical site - may also remain intubated but again this could cause excessive pressure on new anastomosis and reintubation could be traumatic
55
potential TEF complications
- RLN injury - overlook additional fistulas - recurrent fistulas can complicate recovery
56
early TEF complications
- anastomosis leak and strictures - GERD - feeding aversions - esophageal dysmotility
57
long-term TEF complications
- strictures - pulmonary disease - tracheomalacia