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Module 5 - Anesthesia & General Surgery > Anesthesia > Flashcards

Anesthesia Flashcards

1
Q

What is suxamethonium apnoea?

A

causes prolonged paralysis following suxamethonium (instead of wearing off after a few minutes it takes 6 hours).

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2
Q

What changed the guidelines on GA in dentistry first?

A
  • 1991 POSWILLO REPORT
  • DENTAL SURGEONS NO LONGER ALLOWED TO ANESTHETIZE AND OPERATE SIMULTANEOUSLY
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3
Q

What are the symptoms of malignant hyperthermia (5)?

A
  • Symptoms: increase in CO2 concentration, increase in O2 demand, tachycardia, temperature rise, muscle rigidity
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4
Q

What is nitrous oxide?

A

an ANALGESICS
- supplements anesthesia.

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5
Q

What 3 types of drugs the patient may be taking may influence GA?

A
  • Drugs that cause bleeding.
  • Immunosuppressants.
  • Blood pressure medicines.
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6
Q

What is suxamethonium?

A

A short acting muscle relaxant

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7
Q

How is malignant hyperthermia managed?

A

DANTROLENE limits the process but hard to draw up. ACTIVE COOLING of patient.

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8
Q

What does muscle relaxation do? Why is it used?

A

Cause MUSCLE PARALYSIS allowing INTUBATION, SURGICAL ACCESS TO BODY CAVITIES, SAFETY DURING NEUROSURGERY

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9
Q

What are the guidelines for GA in dentistry?

A
  • Standards and Guidelines for General Anesthesia for Dentistry 1999 by the royal college of anesthetists.

o If GA will be given in a dental practice, you must have all the same resuscitation, recovery and assessment facilities like in hospital.

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10
Q

What are the 4 steps to providing GA?

A
  1. Monitoring
  2. Benzodiazepines
  3. Drug to induce anesthesia.
  4. Inhalational drugs to induce/ maintain anesthesia.
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11
Q

What is conscious sedation?

A

A drug produces a DEPRESSION OF THE CNS but during which VERBAL CONTACT WITH THE PATIENT IS MAINTAINED THROUGHOUT THE PERIOD OF SEDATION.

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12
Q

What are important allergies to be aware of in patients due to undergo GA?

A
  • Penicillin, latex
  • thiopentone
  • suxamethonium.
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13
Q

What drugs are used to induce anesthesia?

A

Propofol, etomidate, thiopental.

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14
Q

What is malignant hyperthermia?

A
  • Inherited disorder of SKELETAL MUSCLE only triggered by certain anesthesia drugs.
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15
Q

What drug is used to manage malignant hyperthermia?

A

Dantrolene

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16
Q

What is a short acting muscle relaxant? Long acting?

A
  • SA: suxamethonium.
  • LA: ATRACURIUM/ ROCURONIUM
17
Q

What does malignant hyperthemia cause?

A
  • Abnormal accumulation of CALCIUM in muscle cells causes hypermetabolism, muscle rigidity and muscle breakdown (releases toxic metabolites like potassium).
  • ANAESTHETIC EMERGENCY: 2% MORTALITY.
18
Q

Name 2 complications that may arise during GA (specific conditions).

A
  • Suxamethonium apnea.
  • Malignant hyperthermia.
19
Q

What stage is laryngeal reflex lost?

A

Stage III

20
Q

What is done in patients with reflux when undergoing GA?

A

Create a DEFINITIVE AIRWAY using a BREATHING TUBE to ensure airway is clear from any gastric contents.

21
Q

What are the stages of GA?

A
  • Stage I: Loss of consciousness
  • Stage II: Excitement/ delirium - coughing, vomiting, struggling.
  • Stage III: Surgical state of anesthesia - from onset of automatic respiration to respiratory paralysis. Laryngeal reflex lost, pupils dilate.
  • Stage IV: cessation of respiration and death.
22
Q

What drug is used as a premiedication in GA?

A

Benzodiazepines

23
Q

What does balanced anesthesia involve?

A

Anesthesia, Analgesia, Muscle relaxants

24
Q

What stage is state of surgical anesthesia?

A

Stage III

25
Q

What is anesthesia?

A

Loss of consciousness

26
Q

What are the 4 steps to managing an airway for GA?

A
  1. Airway maneuver (head tilt chin lift)
  2. Nasopharyngeal airway.
  3. Guedal airway.
  4. Definitive management of the airway uses an endotracheal tube inserted using a laryngoscope.
27
Q

What stage is delirium reached?

A

Stage II

28
Q

What is regional anesthesia?

A

Anesthesizes a particular part of the body - a NERVE PLEXUS.

29
Q

What is an anesthetic emergency?

A

Malignant hyperthermia

30
Q

What is affected during malignant hyperthermia?

A

SKELETAL muscle.

Module 5 - Anesthesia & General Surgery (3 decks)

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