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LAM1 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: Cold blooded horses have higher PCVs than warm blooded ones

A

False

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2
Q

Anemic CS depend on what 2 factors?

A

Rate and severity

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3
Q

CS for acute anemia

A 
Poor performance - obv ex intolerance
Tachycardia
Tachypnea
Pale MM
Can be more severe
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4
Q

CS for chronic anemia

A

Less severe since they have time to acclimate

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5
Q

T/F in order to figure out if horse in regenerating, we can just look @ peripheral blood smear

A

False - horse’s don’t have reticulocytes

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6
Q

How can we tell horse regeneration?

A

High RDW+anemia = regenerating

normal RDW = 19

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7
Q

What is the difference between rouleaux and IMHA? How do we sort them out?

A

Rouleaux is normal equine RBC pattern
IMHA is clumping of RBC

Drop 1:4 saline, rouleaux will come apart

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8
Q

What is the GOLD STANDARD was of evaluating anemia responses in horses?

A

Bone marrow aspirates

indicated by M:E <0.5

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9
Q

Where can we take bone marrow aspirates?

A

Sternum and ribs are best places

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10
Q

What are thee mechanisms for anemia?

A
  1. Decreased production
  2. Destruction
  3. Blood loss
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11
Q

What 3 things can cause decreased red cell production?

A
  1. Deficiencies in RBC essentials
  2. Chronic disease
  3. Bone marrow damage
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12
Q

T/F: Dietary deficiencies in iron are extremely rare in horses

A

True!

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13
Q

What is the difference between TRUE/FUNCTIONAL iron deficiency anemia?

A

True = chronic blood loss(parasites, bleeding GI)/diet

Functional = anemia of inflammatory dz where iron is sequestered

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14
Q

What is true iron deficiency defined by?

A

Microcytic hypochromic anemia

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15
Q

What is the PCV of functional iron deficiency horses like?

A

Usually never less than PCV 18-19%

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16
Q

What is the most common cause of anemia in horses?

A

Inflammatory dz

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17
Q

Please indicate the TIBC/serum ferritin/serum iron/marrow iron differences between anemia of chronic dz and iron deficiency:

A 
Anemia chronic dz:
TIBC - decreased 
Serum Ferritin - increased 
Serum iron - decreased 
Marrow iron - increased 
Iron deficiency 
TIBC - increased 
Serum ferritin - decreased
Serum iron - decreased 
Marrow iron - decreased
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18
Q

What is the treatment for TRUE iron def?

A

Supplement it with iron cacodylate - parenterally

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19
Q

What is the treatment for anemia of chronic dz?

A

Treat underlying cause

NO fe supplementation

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20
Q

T/F: we supplement iron in anemia 2ry to organ dysfunction:

A

False - just treat the underlying cause

*it occurs independent from iron alterations in inflammatory dz

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21
Q

What happens with commercial EPO use?

A

Development of ab = life-threatening anemia

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22
Q

What 2 major things cause red cell destruction?

A

Piroplasmosis and EIA

23
Q

What are the two causative agents of Piroplasmosis?

A
  1. Babesia caballi: lg, extravascular
  2. Theleria equi: small, intravascular, more severe dz, Maltese cross

Both come from tick vectors

24
Q

T/F: T. Equi can spontaneously clear

A

False.

B. Caballi can spontaneously clear b/c less severe dz
T. Equi is more severe dz

25
Q

T/F: CS are worse in young/old animals in endemic areas

A

True.

26
Q

Which agent has intravascular hemolysis?

A

T. Equi

B. Caballi extravasc

27
Q

T/F: Hemoglobinuria is common B. Caballi.

A

False!

B. Caballi is extravascular!

28
Q

What are some piroplasmosis diagnostic options?

A
  • direct visualization of babesia
  • serology = ab detectable within 14 days on infection
  • CS
  • necropsy :(
29
Q

How does Piroplasmosis tx differ in endemic vs non-endemic regions?

A

Endemic = tx symptomatically to alleviate signs

Non-endemic = completely eradicate

30
Q

What can we use in non-endemic areas to eliminate?

A

Imidocarb

  • needs FDA approval
31
Q

What are some side-effects to Imidocarb?

A

Causes cholinesterase inhibition

pre-tx with atropine

32
Q

Do we remove carrier state in non-endemic areas?

A

YES

do not remove carrier state in endemic areas

33
Q

What is another name for EIA?

A

Swamp fever

not to be confused with swamp cancer = pithiosis

34
Q

T/F: EIA is reportable

A

TRUE

35
Q

T/F: EIA is lentivirus or rhabdovirus family

A

False.

Lentivirus of RETROvirus family

36
Q

T/F: EIA infects RBCs

A

False!

EIA infects macrophages and RBCs are indirectly destroyed

37
Q

How is EIA transmitted?

A

Biting Arthropods like deer/horse fly who’s feeding is interrupted

sometimes can be transmitted via mosquitoes if there are a ton

(May also be iatrogenic or via semen/milk but that is rare)

38
Q

Ab-Ag complexes in EIA induce what 3 things?

A

Hemolysis
Vasculitis
Glomerulitis

39
Q

What are the 3 CS types:

A

Acute = no anemia; thrombocytopenia; death 1st few days

Subacute/chronic intermittent = classic; fever/depression/anemia/icterus

Chronic inapparent = “poor doers”, few CS

40
Q

How can we diagnose EIA? Which is gold standard?

A
  1. Coggins test = GOLD STANDARD (can take 45 days)

2. ELISA = detected earlier than 45 days BUT can have false positives

41
Q

What is the treatment for EIA?

A

No specific tx.

Isolate for life, euthanize, or send out to research facility

42
Q

What are the EIA isolation protocols?

A
  • Double screening as insect control
  • keep 200 yards from closest horse with double fencing
  • disinfect everything used on these horses
43
Q

Causes of blood loss in equines?

A

Lots of things:

Resp - ethmoid hematoma, etc.
GI - ulcers, parasites, etc. 
coagulopathies
Iatrogenic 
Etc...
44
Q

T/F: CS for blood loss are due to hypovolemia, diminished O2 carrying capacity, or both

A

True!

but it’s mostly hypovolemia since O2 carrying capacity is not usually diminished enough to compromise horse @ rest

45
Q

What does the blood volume have to recuse by in order to see shock?

A

Shock occurs when blood vol. is reduced by 30%

46
Q

What are some compensatory mechanisms for blood loss?

A

HR
Vasoconstriction
ADH release
Plasma vol. increase = absorption of fluid from 3rd space, increase glucose

47
Q

In acute hemorrhage, how long does it take to see PCV/TP changes?

A

TP can decrease within 4-6h

PCV can decrease around 12-24h - b/c of splenocontraction

48
Q

When does PCV “bottom out”? What does this mean?

A

Bottoming out = when PCV reaches true lowest level after hemorrhage

Happens after 48h

49
Q

T/F: It takes about 3-4 days after hemorrhage for bone marrow to respond and increase PCV

A

True!

50
Q

How long does it take for PCV to go back to normal values?

A

4-6 weeks!

51
Q

How do you treat blood loss?

A
  • treat cause/stop the bleeding
  • minimize stress
  • replace depending on what happened (may need fluids, blood, O2)
52
Q

What are some fluid replacement guidelines?

A

Crystalloids
Replace 4x volume lost
Hypertonic saline

53
Q

What are the guidelines fro blood transfusion in acute vs chronic anemia?

A

Transfuse if:

Acute and PCV under 12%

Chronic and PCV under 10%

LAM1 (7 decks)

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