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NUR 112- Exam 2 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

Cellular regulation

1
Q

How is anemia characterized?

A

body cannot deliver enough oxygen due to decreased hematocrit & decreased hemoglobin

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2
Q

How is blood loss anemia characterized?

A

decreased amount of RBCs flowing through the circulatory system

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3
Q

How is nutritional anemia characterized?

A

deficient amount of vitamins & minerals needed to form normal RBCs

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4
Q

How is hemolytic anemia characterized?

A

destruction of RBCs from inside or outside causes

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5
Q

How is aplastic anemia characterized?

A

decline in production of healthy RBCs

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6
Q

What are the 7 common S&S of anemia?

A
  1. pale
  2. dizziness
  3. tachypnea
  4. dyspnea
  5. tachycardia
  6. chest pain
  7. fatigue
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7
Q

What are 4 specific S&S of anemia to patients?

A
  1. spoon shaped nails
  2. pica
  3. cheilosis
  4. glossitis
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8
Q

What are the 10 lab blood tests that can be taken for anemia? What is seen in each level?

A
  1. CBC (low RBC, PLT, & WBC)
  2. Hemoglobin (dysfunctional RBCs)
  3. Hematocrit (low % of healthy RBCs)
  4. Iron (low iron levels)
  5. Ferritin (low storage of iron in the liver)
  6. Total iron binding capacity (low available iron to use & attach to use transferrin)
  7. B12 (low levels)
  8. Folate (low B9 levels)
  9. G6PD (lack of RBC protecting enzyme)
  10. Bone aspiration test (low levels of RBCs)
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9
Q

How is acute blood loss characterized? What is it often caused by?

A

sudden drop in RBCs often caused by hemorrhage

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10
Q

What are the 3 key symptoms of acute blood loss anemia?

A
  1. hypovolemia
  2. hypotension
  3. dizziness
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11
Q

What is the body’s response in acute blood loss anemia when the bleeding stops?

A

the body uses stored iron to restore normal levels by producing normocytic RBC within 3-4 wks.

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12
Q

How is chronic blood loss anemia characterized? What are 2 things it is usually caused by?

A

gradual drop in RBCs; usually caused by nutritional or chronic diseases

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13
Q

What is one key symptom of chronic blood loss anemia?

A

chronic fatigue

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14
Q

What is the body’s response in chronic blood loss anemia when the bleeding continues? How long can this process take for the body to restore to normal levels?

A

body attempts to restore normal levels, but depletes iron & produces microcytic RBCs that do not carry O2 effectively; can take 6 months

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15
Q

What are the 9 S&S of hypovolemic shock?

A
  1. altered state
  2. restlessness
  3. cyanosis
  4. excessive thirst
  5. tachycardia
  6. oliguria
  7. tachypnea
  8. nausea
  9. weak
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16
Q

What are 6 S&S of a non-hemolytic reaction?

A
  1. fever
  2. chills
  3. pruritus
  4. rash
  5. hives
  6. nausea
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17
Q

What are the 4 S&S of a hemolytic reaction? (O.U.C.H)

A
  1. chest & lower back pain
  2. dark urine
  3. oliguria
  4. hypotension
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18
Q

Which nutritional anemia is the most common?

A

iron deficiency anemia

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19
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. microcytic (small)
  2. hypochromic (pale)
  3. malformed (abnormally shaped)
20
Q

What PO supplement or IM/IV medication can you give to someone with iron deficiency anemia?

A
  1. Ferrous sulfate
  2. Iron Dextran
21
Q

What are 3 S&S seen in ferrous sulfate medication?

A
  1. constipation
  2. nausea
  3. heartburn
22
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A
  1. macrocytic (large)
  2. misshaped (oval)
  3. Immature growth
23
Q

What are 2 other names for vitamin B12 deficiency anemia?

A
  1. megaloblastic anemia
  2. pernicious anemia
24
Q

What is the factor Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia needs to have in order to be able to absorb vitamin B12? Which anemia does not have this factor?

A
  1. Intrinsic factor
  2. Pernicious anemia
25
Q

What are the 4 S&S only seen in vitamin B12 deficiency?

A
  1. GI problems
  2. Paresthesia
  3. Proprioception
  4. Mood changes
26
Q

What is the IM supplement that can be given for vitamin B12 deficiency?

A

cyanocobalamin

27
Q

For pernicious anemia, which route must be given?

A

IM

28
Q

What are 3 characteristics of Folate Vitamin B9 deficiency Anemia?

A
  1. Macrocytic (large)
  2. Oval misshaped
  3. Immature growth
29
Q

What is another name for folate vitamin B9 deficiency anemia?

A

megaloblastic anemia

30
Q

What are 2 S&S only seen in folate vitamin B9 deficiency anemia?

A
  1. spina bifida
  2. ancephaly
31
Q

What are 3 different types of hemolytic anemias?

A
  1. Thalassemia
  2. Acquired Hemolytic
  3. Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase
32
Q

How is Thalassemia characterized?

A

missing or defective alpha or beta chains that help form hemoglobin

33
Q

What are 2 intrinsic factors of thalassemia?

A
  1. parents to childrens
  2. defective hemoglobin chains
34
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of thalassemia?

A
  1. microcytic (small)
  2. hypochromic (pale)
  3. malformed (abnormally shaped)
35
Q

How is acquired hemolytic anemia characterized?

A

destroyed by factors outside the body

36
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of acquired hemolytic anemia?

A

normocytic & normochromic

37
Q

How is glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase anemia characterized?

A

defective x-recessive chromosome

38
Q

What are 2 intrinsic factors of glucose 6 phosphate dehyrogenase anemia?

A
  1. parents to children
  2. defective x-recessive chromosome
39
Q

What is the one characteristic of glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase anemia?

A

RBCs missing G6PD

40
Q

What are the 7 S&S seen hemolytic anemia?

A
  1. mild to moderate S&S of anemia
  2. hemoglobinuria
  3. bone marrow hyperplasia
  4. jaundice
  5. hepatomegaly
  6. HF
  7. folate deficiency
41
Q

What 2 medications can be used for aquired hemolytic & G6PD anemia?

A
  1. corticosteriods
  2. immunosuppressants
42
Q

Which procedure would only be an option for acquired hemolytic anemia?

A

IV immune Globin (antibodies that help strengthen the immune system)

43
Q

How is pancytopenia characterized? Which anemia does it occur in?

A
  • fails to produce all type of blood cells
  • Aplastic anemia
44
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of pancytopenia?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Leukopenia
  3. Thrombocytopenia
45
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of aplastic anemia?

A
  1. normocytic
  2. normochromic
46
Q

What is the medication that can be given with someone with aplastic anemia?

A

epoetin alpha (helps rebuild RBCs)

47
Q

What is the main risk factor in anemia?

A

kidney failure/kidney disease

NUR 112- Exam 2 (3 decks)

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