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Pharmacology 2 > Anemia > Flashcards

Anemia Flashcards

1
Q

inability of blood to supply oxygen to the diff parts of the body

A

anemia

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2
Q

formation of blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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3
Q

HSC synonyms

A

Hematopoietic stem cells / hemocytoblasts

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4
Q

capable of producing diff types of cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

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5
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells is capable of producing diff types of ______

A

cells

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6
Q

ability of cell to renew on its own

A

pluripotent

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7
Q

Fights bacterial infection

A

neutrophil

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8
Q

Gives rise to Macrophage

A

monocyte

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9
Q

Carries oxygen

A

erythrocytes

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10
Q

Fights helminthic infection

A

eosinophil

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11
Q

Gives rise to platelets

A

megakaryocytes

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12
Q

Forms clots to stop bleeding

A

platelets

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13
Q

Release in response to worms and environmental threats

A

basophil

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14
Q

acts on allergic rxn and inflammation

A

eosinophil

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15
Q

Deficiency in erythrocytes

A

anemia

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16
Q

Deficiency in platelet

A

thrombocytopenia

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17
Q

Deficiency in neutrophil

A

neutropenia

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18
Q

Blood count normal range for WBCs

A

3,500 - 11,000 cells/mcL

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19
Q

Blood count normal range for hematocrit

A

34.9%-44.5% in women
38.8%-50% in men

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20
Q

Blood count normal range for platelets

A

150,000-450,000/mcL

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21
Q

Blood count normal range for RBCs

A

4.3-5.7 million cells/mcL in men
3.9-5.1 million cells/mcL in women

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22
Q

Blood count normal range for hemoglobin

A

13-17 g/dL in men
11.5-15.5g/dL in women

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23
Q

“penia” means

A

deficient

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24
Q

term referring to normal color of red blood

A

normochromic

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25
Q

term referring to paler than normal

A

hypochromic

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26
Q

term referring to smaller size

A

microcytic

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27
Q

term referring to larger than normal

A

macrocytic

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28
Q

term referring to large and immature

A

megaloblastic

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29
Q

term referring to increased rate of destruction

A

hemolysis

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30
Q

type of anemia:
Genetic disorder wherein the erythrocytes is shaped like crescent moon

A

sickle cell

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31
Q

type of anemia:
most common type of anemia

A

iron deficiency

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32
Q

type of anemia:
Occurs when the body stops producing enough new blood

A

aplastic

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33
Q

type of anemia:
Inherited blood disorder that causes the blood to have less hemoglobin

A

Thalassemia

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34
Q

type of anemia:
Lack of healthy blood cell caused by a deficiency in Vitamin B12 and folate

A

vitamin deficiency

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35
Q

Forms the nucleus of iron-porphyrin heme which together with globulin chains form hemoglobin

A

iron

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36
Q

iron Forms the nucleus of ________ which together with globulin chains form hemoglobin

A

iron-porphyrin heme

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37
Q

iron Forms the nucleus of iron-porphyrin heme which together with ________ form hemoglobin

A

globulin chains

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38
Q

indication of iron

A

Treatment or prevention of IDA

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39
Q

IDA manifest as _____chromic, ____cytic anemia

A

hypochromic, microcytic

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40
Q

IDA is commonly seen in (4)

A

(1) infants, (2) children during rapid growth, (3) pregnant and lactating women and (4) CKD patients undergoing dialysis

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41
Q

Commonly seen in infants, children during rapid growth, pregnant and lactating women and CKD patients undergoing dialysis

A

IDA

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42
Q

in oral iron therapy, ______ is most efficiently absorbed

A

Ferrous iron

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43
Q

oral iron therapy utilizes iron in the forms of _____, _____, _____

A

Ferrous sulfate, Ferrous gluconate and Ferrous fumarate

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44
Q

About ___% of oral iron given as ferrous salt can be absorbed

A

25%

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45
Q

Patients unable to tolerate large amount of iron may be given (higher/lower) daily dose of iron

A

lower

46
Q

common ADR of oral iron therapy (5)

A
  • Diarrhea
  • Epigastric discomfort
  • Abdominal cramps
  • Nausea
  • Constipation
47
Q

Reserved for patients with
* Iron deficiency who can not tolerate oral iron
* Patients with advance CKD requiring hemodialysis & treatment with erythropoietin
* Various post gastrectomy condition and previous small bowel resection, inflammatory bowel disease

A

Parenteral Iron

48
Q

Parenteral Iron is reserved for patients with (3)

A
  • Iron deficiency who can not tolerate oral iron
  • Patients with advance CKD requiring hemodialysis & treatment with erythropoietin
  • Various post gastrectomy condition and previous small bowel resection, inflammatory bowel disease
49
Q

iron therapy that Can produce serious dose dependent toxicity

A

Parenteral Iron

50
Q

Iron Dextran, Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex, Iron Sucrose Complex

A

Parenteral Iron

51
Q

examples of Parenteral Iron

A

Iron Dextran, Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex, Iron Sucrose Complex

52
Q

Stable complex or ferric oxyhydroxide and dextran polymer containing 50mg elemental iron/mL of solution

A

Iron Dextran

53
Q

Given by deep IM or IV infusion

A

Iron Dextran

54
Q

mode of administration of Iron Dextran

A

Given by deep IM or IV infusion

55
Q

Ferric carboxymaltose, Ferumoxytol

A

found under Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex and Iron Sucrose Complex

56
Q

Colloidal Iron preparation with carbohydrate polymer

A

Ferric carboxymaltose

57
Q

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle coated with carbohydrate

A

Ferumoxytol

58
Q

May interfere with MRI

A

Ferumoxytol

59
Q

method of administration of Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex and Iron Sucrose Complex

A

Can only be given by IV route

60
Q

For patients treated chronically parenteral iron – monitor iron storage level to avoid serious toxicity

A

Sodium Ferric Gluconate Complex and Iron Sucrose Complex

61
Q

Almost exclusive in young children taking iron

A

Acute Toxicity

62
Q

____ tablets of iron can be lethal in young children

A

10

63
Q

Children poisoned with oral iron may experience (3)

A

Necrotizing gastroenteritis with vomiting, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea

64
Q

to flush unabsorbed pills

A

Whole bowel Irrigation

65
Q

chelating agent used to remove excess iron or aluminum from the body

A

Deferoxamine

66
Q

“Hemochromatosis”

A

Chronic Iron Toxicity

67
Q

Excess iron may be deposited in the heart, liver, pancreas and other organs

A

Chronic Iron Toxicity

68
Q

Most commonly occur in patients with inherited hemochromatosis

A

Chronic Iron Toxicity

69
Q

Chronic Iron Toxicity Most commonly occur in patients with inherited __________

A

hemochromatosis

70
Q

blood draw or venipuncture, it’s an important tool for diagnosing many medical conditions

A

Phlebotomy

71
Q

Iron chelating therapy with parenteral deferoxamine or oral iron chelator is less efficient

A

Chronic Iron Toxicity

72
Q

in Chronic Iron Toxicity, Iron chelating therapy with parenteral deferoxamine or oral iron chelator is (more/less) efficient

A

less

73
Q

other name for vitamin B12

A

Cobalamin

74
Q

serves as a cofactor for several essential biochemical reaction

A

cobalamin/vit B12

75
Q

Deficiency leads to
* Megaloblastic anemia
* Gastrointestinal symptoms
* Neurologic abnormalities

A

vitamin B12

76
Q

vitamin B12 deficiency leads to (3)

A
  • Megaloblastic anemia
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms
  • Neurologic abnormalities
77
Q

Active forms of vitamin B12 in humans

A

Deoxyadenosylcobalamin and Methylcobalamin

78
Q

vitamin B12 Available for therapeutic use

A

Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxycobalamin

79
Q

vitamin B12 that needs to be Converted to the active form

A

Ultimate source of Vit. B12 is from microbial synthesis

80
Q

Ultimate source of Vit. B12 is from microbial synthesis

A

Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxycobalamin

81
Q

Ultimate source of Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxycobalamin

A

microbial synthesis

82
Q

vitamin B12 “Extrinsic factor”

A

Cyanocobalamin and Hydroxycobalamin

83
Q

Vitamin B12 Pharmacokinetics

Average American Diet contains ______ mcg of Vit. B12
* _____ mcg absorbed
* _____ mcg RDA

A

5 – 30 mcg
1 – 5
2-2.4 mcg

84
Q

Vitamin B12 Pharmacodynamics

what are the 2 essential enzymatic reaction in humans

A
  • Methyltransfer from N5-methyltetrahydrofolate
    to homocysteine
  • Isomerization of L-Methylamalonyl CoA
85
Q

indication of vit B12

A

Used to treat or prevent deficiency

86
Q

Manifestation of Vit B12 deficiency

A
  • Megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia
  • Often associated mild or moderate leukopenia or thrombocytopenia
  • Neurological syndrome
87
Q

Correction of vit. B12 deficiency arrest the progression of neurologic ______ it may not fully reverse neurologic _____

A

disease; symptoms

88
Q

Vitamin B12 Clinical Pharmacology

measures the absorption & urinary excretion of radioactively labeled vit. B12

A

Schilling test

89
Q

Vitamin B12 Clinical Pharmacology

Defective secretion of intrinsic factor by the gastric mucosal cell

A

Pernicious anemia

90
Q

Vitamin B12 parenteral injection is available as ________ or ________

A

cyanocobalamin or hydroxycyanocobalamin

91
Q

Vitamin B12 parenteral injection initial dose

A

100 – 1000mcg vit B12 IM daily or every other day for 1 – 2 weeks

92
Q

Vitamin B12 parenteral injection maintenance dose

A

100 – 1000mcg IM once a month for life

93
Q

__________ form of folic acid is required for essential biochemical reaction that provides precursors for the synthesis of amino acid, purine and DNA

A

reduced

94
Q

reduced form of folic acid is required for essential biochemical reaction that provides precursors for the synthesis of __________, _______, and _________

A

amino acid, purine and DNA

95
Q

cause of congenital malformation in newborns

A

Folate deficiency

96
Q

Folate deficiency causes __________

A

congenital malformation in newborns

97
Q

folic acid Play an important role in _________ disease

A

vascular

98
Q

Folic acid undergoes reduction, catalyzed by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase to give ________

A

dihydrofolic acid

99
Q

Folic Acid Pharmacokinetics

Average American diet contains ______ mcg of folate daily
* _______ mcg is usually absorbed
* Pregnant women may absorb : ______ mcg daily

A

500 – 700 mcg
50 – 200 mcg
300 – 400 mcg

100
Q

Folic Acid is excreted in _____ and ______

A

urine and stool

101
Q

Unaltered folic acid is readily and completely absorbed in the _________

A

proximal jejunum

102
Q

___________ is readily and completely absorbed in the proximal jejunum

A

Unaltered folic acid

103
Q

Folic Acid Pharmacodynamic

___________ participate in 1C transfer reaction

A

Tetrahydrofolate cofactor

104
Q

Folate deficiency results in ___________

A

megaloblastic anemia

105
Q

Patients with alcohol dependence and patients with liver disease can develop _______

A

folic acid deficiency

106
Q

Patients with _________ and patients with ________ can develop folic acid deficiency

A

alcohol dependence and liver disease

107
Q

for Pregnant women and patients with hemolytic anemia

A

folic acid

108
Q

Patients who require renal dialysis

A

folic acid

109
Q

supplemented by Long term phenytoin use

A

folic acid

110
Q

folic acid is supplemented by long term

A

phenytoin use

111
Q

A dose of ____ folic acid orally daily is sufficient to reverse megaloblastic anemia, restore normal serum folate levels, and replenish body stores of folates in almost all patients

A

1 mg

112
Q

A dose of 1 mg folic acid orally daily is sufficient to reverse ________ anemia, restore normal serum folate levels, and replenish body stores of folates in almost all patients

A

megaloblastic

Pharmacology 2 (2 decks)

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