Anemia Flashcards
1
Q
Anemia
A
- Hgb <13g/dL in men or <12g/dL in women
- Causes can include inadequate RBC production
- Increased RBC destruction
- Blood loss
- Anemia can be a manifestation of many different disease processes such as infection, CKD, and malignancy
2
Q
Hypoproliferative Anemia
A
- Marrow damage
- Iron deficiency
- Decreased stimulation of renal disease, inflammation or metabolc disease
3
Q
Maturation disorder anemia
A
- Cytoplasmic defects such as thalassemia, iron deficiency, sideroblastic
- Nuclear maturation (folate deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency, refractory anemia
4
Q
Hemorrhage/hemolysis anemia
A
- blood loss
- intravascular hemolysis
- autoimmune disease
- hemoglobinopathy
- metabolic/membrane defect
5
Q
Characteristics of RBCs
A
- Change in size
- —macrocytic
- —normocytic
- —microcytic
- Change in color
6
Q
Macrocytic
A
Vitamin B12/Folic Acid Deficiency
7
Q
Normocytic
A
Anemia of chronic disease
8
Q
Microcytic
A
iron deficiency anemia
9
Q
Development of RBCs
A
- Develop in the large bones containing marrow/bone marrow
- Life span is about 120 days
- Bones containing marrow include vertebrae, sternum, ribs, clavicle, pelvis, epiphyses of long bone
10
Q
Erythropoietin
A
- Produced by the kidneys; stimulates the production of RBCs
- Prevent apoptosis/programmed cell death
- Allow for full maturation to a mature erythrocyte
- Decrease in tissue oxygen concentration, this signals for increased production and release of EPO
- Reticulocytes in the blood is an early sign of RBC production
11
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- 2 alpha, 2 beta chains each link to a heme group with an iron molecule at the center (Allows for binding of o2)
- Transferrin—transport protein
- Normal breakdown of RBCs
12
Q
Transferrin
A
- Delivers iron to the bone marrow for incorporation within the hemoglobin molecule
- Delivers extra iron to other body storage sites including the liver, spleen, and marrow
- Stored as ferritin
13
Q
Physical symptoms of Anemia
A
Fatigue Dizziness Weakness Pallor Shortness of Breath
14
Q
Clinical signs of anemia
A
Tachycardia Pallor Confusions Tachypnea Murmurs Neurological Changes-Vitamin B12 Deficiency
15
Q
Lab Eval of anemia
A
Complete Blood Count Iron (low in IDA) Ferritin (low in IDA; normal in ACD) TIBC (high in IDA, low in ACD) Mean Cell Volume (elevated in vitamin b12 def) Vitamin B12 (low in def) Folate (low in def) Methylmalonic Acid (elevated in Vitamin B 12 def)
