Andropov, Chernenko and Gorbachev Flashcards
What happened in June 1991 concerning the coup?
- Yeltsin elected president of the Russian federation
- 28th party conference- rifts between Conservatives and Reformers were aired in the open- 1990.
- Gorbachev’s power was weakened by the Communist party losing its members.
- Popular support for Yeltsin and he was still willing to work with Gorbachev and the party at that time.
What were the results of Gorbachev’s reforms?
- Caused an economic downfall resulting in a series of strikes
- Factories reduced the production of everyday consumer goods as they concentrated on more expensive goods.
- Rise of price of consumer goods.
- Money became worthless
- Inflation
- The nation was plunged into an economic crisis and food rationing had to be introduced.
What was glasnost?
- openess
Identify the problems experienced in the republic of Georgia by 1990?
- March in support of independence in 1989, broken up by Soviet troops.
- Sovereignty declared 7 months later.
- Different regions of Georgia wanted independence e.g. South Ossetia in 1991.
Give 9 reasons for the collapse of the Soviet Union?
- Political turmoil
- Unrest in workforce
- Poor government decisions
- Military
- Republic nationalism
- Ineffective management
- Economic- enterprises
- Monetary issues
- Corruption
What were the causes of problems in Latvia in 1990?
- Protests at first focused on cultural issues
- Strong Russian presence
- Yeltsin recognised independence
- Given to SU by the Nazi’s
- Soviet attacks increased rebellion
What were the USSR’s foreign policy weaknesses in 1985?
- Issues linked to domestic problems
- Struggling to maintain superpower status.
- Investment in Afghanistan.
- Relations between Soviet Republics
- Negotiations over detente and arms control- SALT
How did Andropov reform through a change of staff?
- 1/5 of regional party secretaries were replaced, including 7 of 20 Kazakhstan, some of Brezhnev’s ministers and 1/3 of the departmental heads of the Central Committee. He then promoted his own supporters.
What happened under Chernenko?
- A military and political leadership crisis developed. The politburo was split between the old guard and new younger more liberal reformers.
How did Gorbachev try and gain support from the public?
- This was a generation awaiting its saviour; and they found him when Gorbachev, like superman pulling off his Clark Kent suit, revealed himself as a child of the Twentieth Congress- SERVICE
- Films- ‘repentance’- satirised the Stalin years
- Drama- ‘Onward! Onward! Onward!’- portrayed the risk taking of Lenin in the face of Stalin’s plotting
- Soviet history was subject to public reconsideration
- 16th December 1986- spoke to dissenting physicist Andrei Sakharov and invited him to return from exile.
What role did Andropov have in suppressing dissident behaviour?
- Had been head of the KGB from 1967-82
- Created the Firth Directorate of the KGB; its task was to suppress all forms of dissidence
- Ordered Sakharov’s exile in 1980.
Nerveless, a realist; as head of the KGB he received more accurate propaganda free reports of events in the USSR. - Did not believe the KGB was a law unto itself.
What was the content in the 1989 issues of Ogonek?
- 17% articles on cultural politics
- 16% re-evaluations of history
- 11% economic reform
- 8% transformation of society
What were the USSR’s political weaknesses in 1985?
- People wanted to keep the existing system in order to maintain privileges and power
- Gorbachev like others wanted to address issues within the existing system
- Still some corruption
- Conflict between military and defence polices
- Conflict between old and new
Give evidence surrounding the idea of Gorbachev as ‘the cautious reformer’?
- Too young to have been involved with Stalin
- Political skill and powerful patrons
- Echoed Khrushchev and Andropov
- Supported the Afghan war and stance on dissidents.
- Wanted to catch up with the west economically and technologically but without democracy or capitalism.
What were the causes of the problems experienced in Russia?
- Divide between support for Gorbachev and Yeltsin who became Russia’s first popularly voted leader.
- Economic decline, nationalistic policies, perestroika, glasnost.
What does Beissenger say about the collapse of Communism?
- Gorbachev’s policy of Glasnost and the political liberalisation that it produced were obviously the critical institutional conditions that allowed the collapse of communism to occur.
What was Shatalin’s plan created in 1990?
- Shatalin’s plan was to create a market based structure in 500 days.
- The black market would be legalised.
- Extremely ambitious
- Sign of desperation
What were Kosygin’s attitudes to foreign policy?
- Wanted improved East-West relations
- Believed military spending was a burden to the economy- ‘peaceful coexistence’
How did Andropov try and reform through competition and incentives?
- Surplus labour reabsorbed. Wages and bonuses limited to production and sales. More emphasis on prices, Large monopolies broken into smaller units.
How did Gorbachev’s behaviour and actions lead to the 1991 coup?
- Didn’t want to lose his political position and Yeltsin was by August in control of Russia. Gorbachev refused to resign or declare a state of emergency even when he was placed under house arrest.
What happened to Shatalin’s plan?
- Rejected in 1990 and replaced by the Supreme Soviet- Compromise.
- It was to be replaced by a four stage process
1) Commercialisation of state enterprise
2) Relaxation of state control
3) Social security measures
4) Rouble would become fully convertible
What was the main problem with Gorbachev’s goal of democratic self-government?
- It would involve giving independence and self-governance to the republics.
Why was Glasnost met with a mixed response?
- Intellectuals were most enthusiastic as they had more freedom than ever before.
- Conservatives and part members were strongly opposed. They believed it would cause social instability as there was less respect for the party and its legitimacy
- majority had mixed feelings. Most had more pressing concerns in their daily lives. Difficult to believe official attitudes could change overnight when frank and open discussion of views was difficult
What did Ogonek start doing in 1987?
- Feature a regular weekly ‘Letters to the Editor’ becoming the first USSR magazine to do so.
- Letters became more open and demanding
- Radical topic matters
- 150,000 letters in 1989.
- Column emerged as a national forum for open political and social discussion.
- Sparked small fires for social change
Why did the law on joint enterprises not work well?
- Foreign companies operated on the profit motive, unlike Soviet enterprise
- Confusion and more corruption.
Which issue did Andropov fail to appreciate?
- the centrally planned economy
How did Soviet citizens respond to the changes of the later 1980s?
- Western items became prized on black market- pair of jeans cost 2 months wages.
- Workers protesting for trade unions in Poland particularly.
- People setting up small businesses
- People feeling braver and no longer accepting the parts.
- Taking opportunity for self- determination
What did Gorbachev create in his first year and why?
- Regrouped over 60 industrial ministries and stale committees into a maximum of seven ‘superministries’
- Recognised need for improvement in quality in order to compete globally
- proposed more investment in high-technology engineering and agriculture
What were Gorbachev’s main political reforms?
- New constitution for the rights of individuals
- Congress of People’s Deputies
- Supreme Soviet
- Local soviets more accountable and professional
What were the positive responses to glasnost?
- Intellectuals supportive as they had more freedom to share their ideas and debate.
- Radical/liberal party members and politicians were supportive of Gorbachev’s aims to reform the economy.
What were some examples of perestroika and glasnost?
- Dangerous to speak out
- People beginning to question before perestroika and glasnost.
- People increasingly saying what they wanted- creation of first independent trade union in Poland.
- Read books and films which were once censored.
- Television
- Challenging totalitarian economy.
- Let people travel to the west.
- Physical barrier
- Living conditions documented.
Why did a coup occur?
- System was collapsing
- Threat of violence removed
- Sections of the iron curtain removed.
- Violence used against uprising in Romania.
- Division in military
According to SERVICE what failures did Andropov have?
- Had to take into account the feelings of the Politburo
- Old
- Women
- Not as radical as Kosygin
- Kept independently minded advisers under firm control
- Administration
- Didn’t want to damage the system
- relations between superpowers deteriorated
- Traditional
What were the social reasons for the break up of the USSR?
- Attitudes of ordinary people
- Living conditions
Identify the problems experienced in the republic of Latvia by 1990?
- First major public demonstration in Riga, 1987
- radical nationalities won victories at the polls.
- Wanted to copy Lithuania- Supreme Soviet
What was perestroika?
- economic and political reform
Describe the collapse of communism in the USSR as well as in Eastern Europe (iron curtain)?
- Most of the Satellite states had become more open in their demands for freedom.
- Many revolutions happened in 1989, most involving the overthrowing of the Communist government.
- This led to the collapse of the Soviet Union.
- In the USSR, Yeltsin took steps to end the power of the Communist party in Russia by suspending and banning the party and seizing all their property.
What were the results of acceleration?
- Not promising
- Operating within traditional framework
- Economic growth was declining and no targets were being met.
- Fall in oil prices led to trade deficit with the West.
- Key sectors like oil and gas were running at a loss.
- Reliant on grain imports and foreign loans
- Budget deficit soared by over 10% in just 4 years
How could the new constitution help to develop economic changes?
- Not drafted until 1989 and never finished because it would take away the leading role of the party.
- Couldn’t accept a multi-party system.
- Made the party seem redundant and can be attributed to the collapse of the soviet union.
What were the final stages of the SU collapse?
- Gorbachev returned to Moscow on the 21st August. In a speech he reiterated his aim to save communism, this is seen as fatal as it reflects his lack of understanding in the changes of the political system.
- His authority was damaged but Yeltsin came out as a hero.
- He tried to implement the Union treaty but it wasn’t accepted and by this point most states want their full independence- Baltic states granted independence
- Without support from the Soviet states, the role of the Communist party came to an end on Christmas day 1991 when Gorbachev resigned as president and announced the dissolution of the USSR.
- The commonwealth of independent states was fromed including 11 of 15 former Soviet states.
What were Gorbachev’s reforms reliant upon in order to be successful?
- That they were sufficiently attractive to inspire a desire for the republics to remain in the Union.
What was the 12th fiver year plan? Why did it fail?
- Same mechanisms as previously
- Set higher targets than the 1981-85 plan even though these had not been met.
- Workers unhappy about having to work harder for the same wage.
- Put more pressure on the economy, left no breathing room, insufficient resources to meet targets, many did not comply or lied about targets as they had done in the past.
- Several economists argued that the plan needed to be scrapped.
What happened in April 1991 concerning the coup?
- Russian federation grants Yeltsin extensive powers
- Wanted to introduce reform and declared a truce between him and Gorbachev as he was afraid of a more hardliner- Gorbachev had filled the party with Conservatives.
What happened in November 1991 concerning the coup?
- Yeltsin bans Communist party in Russia.
What happened in December 1991 concerning the coup?
- Russia, Ukraine and Belorussia declare dissolution and formation of CIS.
- Some other former republics join
- Gorbachev officially resigns and the USSR ceases to exist.
- Agreed to honour international agreements signed by USSR.
- Unitary control of nuclear weapons.
- Issues to do with economic arrangements, minority rights and ethnic and territorial disputes.
What happened in November 1982?
- Andropov made a speech
What are some examples of problems and unrest under Gorbachev?
- Little food- 1/100 of what shown in propaganda- queuing was a way of life (5 hrs a day)
- Had to wait 15 years for a flat.
- Shown Oliver to makes lives seem better
- Regime enforced not by ideology but fear.
- Political independence was the main goal and uncontrollable.
What economic reasons caused the decline of the economy?
- Economy was already approaching crisis when Gorbachev came to power.
- Economy harmed by inflation and collapse of rouble- arbitrary decisions
- Unrest in workforce decreased productivity
- Costly projects inherited e.g. Afghan war- pressure to match US military
- Economy neither one or the other
What was Ogonek?
- A magazine which became more and more radical throughout Gorbachev’s rule.
What did the USSR do after the war in terms of foreign policy?
- Embarked on global expansion
- Increased navy and nuclear capacity to try and equal that of the US.
Give some info about the life of Andropov?
- Son of a railway man and left school at 16.
- Served in WW2.
- Successful part career in Karelia. Marked for promotion, he was brought to Moscow to work for the Secretariat before becoming an ambassador to Hungary.
- Developed leadership ambitions before Brezhnev’s death.
- Interest in reform but wary of the West.
- Ruthless when necessary
- Not Brezhnev’s choice of successor.
Give some background information on Chernenko?
- Born in a Siberian village in 1911
- Served as a border guard on the Chinese border and later became a regional party secretary.
- Employed in the NKVD during Stalin’s Terror.
- Association with Brezhnev and in 1948 was put in charge of propaganda in Moldovia.
- In 1956, he was placed on the Central Committee
What happened in phase 4; the break up of the Soviet Union?
- There was Resistance from hardliners and extremists.
- As a result, Gorbachev was indecisive and consequently didn’t follow any consistent policies.
- By the summer of 1990, it was evident that the ‘tinkering’ was over and only a full market-based economy could avoid catastrophe.
Talk about Soviet disagreements during the period of detente?
- Political and military establishments disagreed about the policy of detente.
- USSR didn’t relax and continued with military spending.
What attempts did Chernenko make at reform?
- Conservative
- No coherent policy
- Considered a new programme for the party with the view that peaceful competition would eventually lead to the triumph of socialism over capitalism.
- Dropped Andropov’s anti-corruption campaign.
- Emphasised importance of educational advances, lightened censorship and continued Andropov’s hardline against dissidence.
- Similar agricultural policy to Khrushchev- increasing amount of land under cultivation.
- Continued some of Andropov’s industrial reforms including a scheme whereby workers were paid by results.
- Sought detente