Andrew Sole Sources Flashcards
What is the specific definition of climate change?
A change in the state of the climate that can be identified using statistical tests by changes in the mean or variability of its properties over an extended period of time
What is the source of the specific definition of climate change?
IPCC, 2018
What are the human effects on the atmosphere in regard to GHGs?
green house gases have contributed to 0.85 degrees C in warming but about half is offset by aerosols (0.56)
What is the source for the human effects on the atmosphere in regards to GHGs?
Huber & Knutti, 2012
What are the nine planetary boundaries for the safe operation of Earth?
climate change, ocean acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, biogeochemical factors, global freshwater use, change in land use, biodiversity loss, atmospheric aerosol loading, chemical pollution
What is the source for the nine planetary boundaries for the safe operation of Earth?
Rockström, 2009
True or False; changes in BD and CC have already surpassed safe limits
True
What is the source for “changes in BD and CC have already surpassed safe limits”
Rockström, 2009
What is the source for “The role of human influence on climate change is undisputed”
IPCC, 2021
What is the definition of Biodiversity
a term used to encompass all the variability found in living organisms in terrestrial and aquatic systems
What is the source for the definition of biodiversity
Quijas and Balvanera, 2013
what is species richness
the number of species in an ecosystem
what is species evenness
compares the abundance of different species within a community
what is species heterogeneity
the measurements of differences in genetics or functional traits between species
what is the source for species richness, evenness, and heterogeneity?
Cardinale, 2012
what is an ecosystem
a biological community of interacting living organisms and their non-living physical environment
what is an ecosystem function?
The ecological processes that control the fluxes of energy, nutrients, and organic matter through an environment. Measured by the rate of primary productivity
what is an ecosystem service
the suite of benefits that ecosystems provide to humanity
what is the source for ecosystem, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services
Cardinale, 2012
what is the diversity stability theory?
greater diversity of species can stabilise ecosystem function in the face of environmental fluctuation
what is the source for the diversity stability theory?
Cleland, 2012
what are the long-term and short-term threats of the loss of BD?
climate change is affecting ecosystems and biodiversity by changing long-term abiotic conditions and increasing short-term variability around the mean state
what is the source of he long-term and short-term threats of the loss of BD?
Malhi, 2020
what are polar supporting services?
regulating global temperature, CO2 sink, and freshwater storage
what are polar provisioning services?
fisheries, oil, gas, minerals
what are polar cultural services?
hunting, recreation, tourism, iconic species
arctic economy quote
the arctic currently provides aprox $281B a year in terms of food, mineral extraction, oil production, tourism, hunting, existence values, and climate regulation
what is the source for the arctic economy quote
O’Mara, 2017
how much faster is the arctic warming up compared to the rest of the world?
2-3x faster
what is the source for PES proposal
Verbitsky, 2018
why are our oceans important?
oceans have thus far absorbed 93% of extra energy from the enhanced GH effect
about 40% of the population lives within 100km of the coast
number one source of protein for more than 1B people
$380 B per year in freight rates
source for oceans have thus far absorbed 93% of extra energy from the enhanced GH effect
IPCC, 2013
atolls and SLR
atolls will no longer exist if the sea level rises much more
source for atolls and SLR
Storlazzi, 2018
oceanic pollution circulation
global ocean circulation means that high concentrations of plastic debris are found in the arctic ocean
what is the source for oceanic pollution circulation
Cozar, 2017
what is the source for permafrost?
Bykova, 2020
