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GEO11003 Living With Environmental Change > Andrew Sole Sources > Flashcards

Andrew Sole Sources Flashcards

1
Q

What is the specific definition of climate change?

A

A change in the state of the climate that can be identified using statistical tests by changes in the mean or variability of its properties over an extended period of time

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2
Q

What is the source of the specific definition of climate change?

A

IPCC, 2018

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3
Q

What are the human effects on the atmosphere in regard to GHGs?

A

green house gases have contributed to 0.85 degrees C in warming but about half is offset by aerosols (0.56)

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4
Q

What is the source for the human effects on the atmosphere in regards to GHGs?

A

Huber & Knutti, 2012

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5
Q

What are the nine planetary boundaries for the safe operation of Earth?

A

climate change, ocean acidification, stratospheric ozone depletion, biogeochemical factors, global freshwater use, change in land use, biodiversity loss, atmospheric aerosol loading, chemical pollution

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6
Q

What is the source for the nine planetary boundaries for the safe operation of Earth?

A

Rockström, 2009

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7
Q

True or False; changes in BD and CC have already surpassed safe limits

A

True

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8
Q

What is the source for “changes in BD and CC have already surpassed safe limits”

A

Rockström, 2009

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9
Q

What is the source for “The role of human influence on climate change is undisputed”

A

IPCC, 2021

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10
Q

What is the definition of Biodiversity

A

a term used to encompass all the variability found in living organisms in terrestrial and aquatic systems

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11
Q

What is the source for the definition of biodiversity

A

Quijas and Balvanera, 2013

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12
Q

what is species richness

A

the number of species in an ecosystem

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13
Q

what is species evenness

A

compares the abundance of different species within a community

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14
Q

what is species heterogeneity

A

the measurements of differences in genetics or functional traits between species

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15
Q

what is the source for species richness, evenness, and heterogeneity?

A

Cardinale, 2012

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16
Q

what is an ecosystem

A

a biological community of interacting living organisms and their non-living physical environment

17
Q

what is an ecosystem function?

A

The ecological processes that control the fluxes of energy, nutrients, and organic matter through an environment. Measured by the rate of primary productivity

18
Q

what is an ecosystem service

A

the suite of benefits that ecosystems provide to humanity

19
Q

what is the source for ecosystem, ecosystem function, and ecosystem services

A

Cardinale, 2012

20
Q

what is the diversity stability theory?

A

greater diversity of species can stabilise ecosystem function in the face of environmental fluctuation

21
Q

what is the source for the diversity stability theory?

A

Cleland, 2012

22
Q

what are the long-term and short-term threats of the loss of BD?

A

climate change is affecting ecosystems and biodiversity by changing long-term abiotic conditions and increasing short-term variability around the mean state

23
Q

what is the source of he long-term and short-term threats of the loss of BD?

A

Malhi, 2020

24
Q

what are polar supporting services?

A

regulating global temperature, CO2 sink, and freshwater storage

25
Q

what are polar provisioning services?

A

fisheries, oil, gas, minerals

26
Q

what are polar cultural services?

A

hunting, recreation, tourism, iconic species

27
Q

arctic economy quote

A

the arctic currently provides aprox $281B a year in terms of food, mineral extraction, oil production, tourism, hunting, existence values, and climate regulation

28
Q

what is the source for the arctic economy quote

A

O’Mara, 2017

29
Q

how much faster is the arctic warming up compared to the rest of the world?

A

2-3x faster

30
Q

what is the source for PES proposal

A

Verbitsky, 2018

31
Q

why are our oceans important?

A

oceans have thus far absorbed 93% of extra energy from the enhanced GH effect

about 40% of the population lives within 100km of the coast

number one source of protein for more than 1B people

$380 B per year in freight rates

32
Q

source for oceans have thus far absorbed 93% of extra energy from the enhanced GH effect

A

IPCC, 2013

33
Q

atolls and SLR

A

atolls will no longer exist if the sea level rises much more

34
Q

source for atolls and SLR

A

Storlazzi, 2018

35
Q

oceanic pollution circulation

A

global ocean circulation means that high concentrations of plastic debris are found in the arctic ocean

36
Q

what is the source for oceanic pollution circulation

A

Cozar, 2017

37
Q

what is the source for permafrost?

A

Bykova, 2020

GEO11003 Living With Environmental Change (4 decks)

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