Andrew

Question 1

population

Answer 1

a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a particular geographic area

Question 2

population ecology…

Answer 2

examines factors that LIMIT and REGULATE population size and composition

Question 3

community

Answer 3

all the individuals of all species that inhabit a geographic area

Question 4

community ecology…

Answer 4

examines the INTERACTIONS AMONG POPULATIONS and sees how factors such as predation, disease and environmental factors affect COMMUNITY STRUCTURE and ORGANISATION

Question 5

6 key processes that drive distribution and abundance

Answer 5

1. Births
2. Deaths
3. Immigration
4. Emigration
5. Colonisation
6. Extinction

Question 6

unitary organisms

Answer 6

• easy to recognise genetically separate individuals

- their form is determined from birth/determinate

Question 7

modular organisms

Answer 7

• genetic individual (genet) starts life as a single zygote
• growth occurs by the repeated production of modules
• growth is intermediate
• structure and programme of development is not predictable
• individual genet is not dead until all modules are dead

Question 8

2 key reproductive patterns

Answer 8

1. Semelparity

2. Iteroparitary

Question 9

Semelparity

Answer 9

• big bang reproduction

- large numbers of offspring are produced in on life event, then the organism dies

Question 10

Iteroparitary

Answer 10

• produce several offspring during repeated reproductive episodes

Question 11

generation time =

Answer 11

average time between birth of the individuals and the birth of their offspring - age at which members of the cohort are expected to reproduce

Question 12

generation time equation

Answer 12

XIxMx/R0
XIxMx = sum of age ‘weighted’ reproduction
R0 (Ix*Mx)= average number of offspring produced

Question 13

Px

Answer 13

survivorship of age x females to age x+1

Question 14

birth pulse

Answer 14

Px*Mx+1

Question 15

pre-breeding

Answer 15

Fx = P0*Mx
P0= those surviving to age 1
Mx = making babies now
everyone counted just before next baby making time
every baby that survives to 1 is counted - no newborns

Question 16

population growth can be increased by:

Answer 16

• increased reproduction
• increased survival
• decreased generation time

Question 17

exponential

Answer 17

describes an idealised population in an unlimited environment

Question 18

exponential population growth

Answer 18

• no limit on available energy resources
• no restriction on growth or reproduction
• a population of a few individuals
• in an environment with no limiting factors

Question 19

notation

Answer 19

dN/dt = bN - dN
dN/dt = change in population/ per change in time
bN = per capita birth rate times population size (N)
dN = per capita death rate times population size (N)

Question 20

R =

Answer 20

the intrinsic rate of increase

Question 21

K =

Answer 21

carrying capacity - energy/resource limitation is the most common determinate of K; k= equilibrium where births = deaths

Question 22

3 rules of population limitation

Answer 22

rule 1 - the carrying capacity of a habitat is the maximum stable population size that can be supported over a long period of time
rule 2 - as density increases, per capita resource declines
rule 3 - as density increases and capita resource declines, births decrease and deaths increase

Question 23

competitive exclusion principle -Gause

Answer 23

• no 2 species can share the same resource
• no 2 species can occupy the same niche
• 2 species cannot coexist when they identical needs of the same limiting resource

Question 24

exploitation

Answer 24

depleting resources

Question 25

pre-emptive

Answer 25

using space (deleting space)

Question 26

overgrowth

Answer 26

species growing over another and depriving the other of light

Question 27

chemical

Answer 27

production of toxins

Question 28

territorial

Answer 28

behaviour of fighting in defence of space

Question 29

encounter

Answer 29

transient (short term) interactions directly over a specific resource

Question 30

importance of predation:

Answer 30

ecology - structure and dynamics of communities evolution - morphology, physiology, behaviour agriculture - pest control conservation - predator controls vs reintroductions biodiversity- richness, evenness, diversity, gradients

Question 31

tangent

Answer 31

maximises the ratio between resource intake and time spent traveling and foraging

Question 32

diet breadth predicted by:

Answer 32

- energy (E) - handling time (h) - encounter rates (funny triangle symbol)

Question 33

vertical transmission

Answer 33

transmission between generations from parent to offspring

Question 34

horizontal transmission

Answer 34

transmission within one generation between unrelated individuals

Question 35

horizontal transmission methods:

Answer 35

``` sexual waterborne transmission e.g. cholera soil borne- with or without long-lived resting stages vector transmission e.g. malaria aerially transmitted e.g. common cold ```