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APS 123 - Populations > Andrew > Flashcards

Andrew Flashcards

1
Q

population

A

a group of individuals of the same species living and interacting in a particular geographic area

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2
Q

population ecology…

A

examines factors that LIMIT and REGULATE population size and composition

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3
Q

community

A

all the individuals of all species that inhabit a geographic area

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4
Q

community ecology…

A

examines the INTERACTIONS AMONG POPULATIONS and sees how factors such as predation, disease and environmental factors affect COMMUNITY STRUCTURE and ORGANISATION

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5
Q

6 key processes that drive distribution and abundance

A
  1. Births
  2. Deaths
  3. Immigration
  4. Emigration
  5. Colonisation
  6. Extinction
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6
Q

unitary organisms

A
  • easy to recognise genetically separate individuals

- their form is determined from birth/determinate

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7
Q

modular organisms

A
  • genetic individual (genet) starts life as a single zygote
  • growth occurs by the repeated production of modules
  • growth is intermediate
  • structure and programme of development is not predictable
  • individual genet is not dead until all modules are dead
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8
Q

2 key reproductive patterns

A
  1. Semelparity

2. Iteroparitary

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9
Q

Semelparity

A
  • big bang reproduction

- large numbers of offspring are produced in on life event, then the organism dies

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10
Q

Iteroparitary

A
  • produce several offspring during repeated reproductive episodes
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11
Q

generation time =

A

average time between birth of the individuals and the birth of their offspring - age at which members of the cohort are expected to reproduce

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12
Q

generation time equation

A

XIxMx/R0
XIxMx = sum of age ‘weighted’ reproduction
R0 (Ix*Mx)= average number of offspring produced

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13
Q

Px

A

survivorship of age x females to age x+1

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14
Q

birth pulse

A

Px*Mx+1

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15
Q

pre-breeding

A

Fx = P0*Mx
P0= those surviving to age 1
Mx = making babies now
everyone counted just before next baby making time
every baby that survives to 1 is counted - no newborns

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16
Q

population growth can be increased by:

A
  • increased reproduction
  • increased survival
  • decreased generation time
17
Q

exponential

A

describes an idealised population in an unlimited environment

18
Q

exponential population growth

A
  • no limit on available energy resources
  • no restriction on growth or reproduction
  • a population of a few individuals
  • in an environment with no limiting factors
19
Q

notation

A 
dN/dt = bN - dN
dN/dt = change in population/ per change in time
bN = per capita birth rate times population size (N)
dN = per capita death rate times population size (N)
20
Q

R =

A

the intrinsic rate of increase

21
Q

K =

A

carrying capacity - energy/resource limitation is the most common determinate of K; k= equilibrium where births = deaths

22
Q

3 rules of population limitation

A

rule 1 - the carrying capacity of a habitat is the maximum stable population size that can be supported over a long period of time
rule 2 - as density increases, per capita resource declines
rule 3 - as density increases and capita resource declines, births decrease and deaths increase

23
Q

competitive exclusion principle -Gause

A
  • no 2 species can share the same resource
  • no 2 species can occupy the same niche
  • 2 species cannot coexist when they identical needs of the same limiting resource
24
Q

exploitation

A

depleting resources

25
Q

pre-emptive

A

using space (deleting space)

26
Q

overgrowth

A

species growing over another and depriving the other of light

27
Q

chemical

A

production of toxins

28
Q

territorial

A

behaviour of fighting in defence of space

29
Q

encounter

A

transient (short term) interactions directly over a specific resource

30
Q

importance of predation:

A

ecology - structure and dynamics of communities
evolution - morphology, physiology, behaviour
agriculture - pest control
conservation - predator controls vs reintroductions
biodiversity- richness, evenness, diversity, gradients

31
Q

tangent

A

maximises the ratio between resource intake and time spent traveling and foraging

32
Q

diet breadth predicted by:

A
  • energy (E)
  • handling time (h)
  • encounter rates (funny triangle symbol)
33
Q

vertical transmission

A

transmission between generations from parent to offspring

34
Q

horizontal transmission

A

transmission within one generation between unrelated individuals

35
Q

horizontal transmission methods:

A 
sexual 
waterborne transmission e.g. cholera
soil borne- with or without long-lived resting stages
vector transmission e.g. malaria
aerially transmitted e.g. common cold

APS 123 - Populations (4 decks)

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