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HI.207 > Ancient Near East > Flashcards

Ancient Near East Flashcards

1
Q

“Origin of Species”

A

authored by Charles Darwin — proposed the “theory of evolution”

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2
Q

primates

A 
an order of mammals
appeared 55 m.y.a.
- nails rather than claws
- prehensile hands and feet
- one pair of mammary glands
- forward eye orbits
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3
Q

Ardipithecus

A 
1st hominid
"Ardi"
4.5 - 4.2 m.y.a.
4' tall
c.c. = 350cm³
ape-like skull and face
hunched biped
splayed big toes (partly arboreal)
diet = fruits, nuts, and forest foods
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4
Q

Australopithecus

A 
2nd hominid
ex. "Lucy"
4 - 2 m.y.a.
3'6" - 5' tall
c.c. = 450cm³
ape-like skull and face
hunched biped
diet = fruits, nuts, seeds, tubers, and possibly insects
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5
Q

Homo Habilis

A 
3rd hominid
"skillful man"
2.4 - 1.5 m.y.a.
4' - 5' tall
c.c. = 650cm³
less ape-like
hunched biped
diet = wild plants and scavenged abandoned kills (marrow extraction and increased protein intake)
first stone tools
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6
Q

Homo Erectus

A 
4th hominid
"upright man"
1.8 m.y.a. - 300,000 y.a.
5'3" - 5'10" tall
c.c. = 1000cm³
fully upright
diet = big game (hunter/gatherer)
controlled use of fire
first hominid to migrate from Africa to Asia/Europe
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7
Q

Homo Heidelbergensis

A 
5th hominid
"archaic homo sapiens"
800,000 - 125,000 y.a.
5'2" - 5'9" tall
c.c. = 1200cm³
diet = big game (hunter/gatherer)
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8
Q

Homo Neanderthalis

A 
6th hominid
400,000 - 30,000 B.C.
5'1" - 5'5"
c.c. = 1500cm³
diet = big game (hunter/gatherer)
Shanidar Cave = evidence of burial of dead/possible belief in the afterlife
first evidence of art
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9
Q

Natufians

A

sedentary late paleolithic hunter/gatherers in the Levant region (transition period of the Neolithic revolution)

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10
Q

Ain Ghazal

A

one of the largest Neolithic villages (ca. 8300 B.C. - Jordan)
ca. 35 acres w/ pop. ca. 3,000
rectangular houses with plaster floors
domesticated animals
hunting & gathering was still important
early example of anthropogenic environmental catastrophe (due to overgrazing of goats)

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11
Q

Catal Huyuk

A

one of the largest Neolithic villages (ca. 7500 B.C. - Turkey)
ca. 6,000
mud-brick houses accessed through roofs
domesticated animals (first evidence of cattle)
early evidence of handmade pottery and plastered storage bins
stone/ceramic figurines of females, possibly of religious significance

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12
Q

Dilmun

A

Semitic civ. - suspected dwelling of Utnapishtim in the “Epic of Gilgamesh”

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13
Q

Uruk

A

Sumerian city-state

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14
Q

Ishtar

A

Mesopotamian fertility/love goddess

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15
Q

Enkidu

A

beast-like man sent by the gods to humble Gilgamesh - is tamed by a prostitute and becomes Gilgamesh’s best friend

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16
Q

Sargon of Akkad

A

ca. 2350
Semitic king of the city-state Akkad in Mesopotamia
“Legend of Sargon”
conquered all of Mesopotamia and founded the Akkadian Empire (first “empire builder” in history)

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17
Q

Hammurabi

A

Babylonian king that achieved domination over the entire region (Old Babylonian Empire)
“Hammurabi’s Law Code”: supposedly given to Hammurabi via Marduk - Semitic law code

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18
Q

Marduk

A

patron god of Babylon (replaced Enlil as chief god)

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19
Q

Narmer/Menes

A

king of Upper Egypt
conquered Lower Egypt and created a unified kingdom with the capital at Memphis
1st king of 1st dynasty

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20
Q

Memphis

A

capital of unified Egypt

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21
Q

Sinuhe

A

“The Story of Sinuhe”:
court official that fled Egypt and lived in Syria for years, pharaoh eventually welcomed him home and restored his position so he could begin his arrangements for the afterlife

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22
Q

Thebes

A

capital of Egyptian Middle Kingdom

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23
Q

Hyksos

A

“Rulers of Foreign Lands” (mostly Semites from Palestine)
conquest over Egypt aided by horse-drawn chariots
ruled Delta directly and held indirect control over all of Egypt

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24
Q

Avaris

A

Hyksos capital of Egypt

25
Q

Thutmose III

A

“Asiatic Campaign of Thutmose III”
inscribed on temple walls at Karnak
official royal account of military operations by pharaoh
major victory at Megiddo over Canaanite confederation
illustrates tremendous wealth obtained by Egypt from Empire

26
Q

Megiddo

A

site of Thutmose III’s victory over Canaanite confederation

27
Q

Akhenaton

A

founder of Atonism (“Hymn to the Aton”

28
Q

Akhetaton

A

new capital established by Akhenaton

29
Q

Hittites

A

1st Indo-European civ.
developed unified kingdom in Syria
invented iron-smelting

30
Q

Hattusas/Boghaz Köy

A

Hittite capital

31
Q

Canaanites

A

Semites
inhabited most of Syria and Palestine in the Bronze Age
economy = agriculture, trade, and industry

32
Q

Ugarit

A

Canaanite city-state

33
Q

Ebla

A

Canaanite city-state

34
Q

Sea Peoples

A

perhaps of mixed ethnic origins
ravaged most of Med. in waves
destroyed Hittite Empire, sacked major Can. city-states, reached Egypt but defeated by Ramses III

35
Q

Ramses III

A

defeated Sea Peoples

36
Q

Arameans

A

Semites
nomads from north-Arabian desert
invaded Syria and Mes.
eventually ruled many city-states of the fertile crescent

37
Q

Philistines

A

one element of the Sea Peoples

used iron-working to dominate native Semites

38
Q

Phoenicians

A

Semites
direct descendants of Canaanites
economy = industry and commerce

39
Q

Henotheism

A

belief in one god but don’t deny the existence of other gods

40
Q

Torah

A

Old Testament - “Yahweh’s law”

41
Q

Ark of the Covenant

A

held tablets of the 10 commandments

42
Q

Shiloh

A

location of central Israelite shrine

43
Q

Saul

A

1st king (limited sense) of Israel

44
Q

Mount Gilboa

A

location of the execution of Saul and sons by the Philistines

45
Q

David

A

defeated Philistines and conquered most of Palestine - little mention outside of the Bible

46
Q

Solomon

A

David’s son - concentrated on internal development of the kingdom (encouraged trade and industry, building of public works)

47
Q

Samaria

A

historical and biblical name used for the central region of the ancient Land of Israel

48
Q

Amos

A

Israeli prophet that criticized people of both kingdoms - rejected the external practice of religion when belying internal moral condition

49
Q

Isaiah

A

Israeli prophet that was strongly critical of Judah and Davidic monarchy

50
Q

Babylonian Captivity

A

forced detention of Jews in Babylonia following the Babylonian conquest of Judah

51
Q

Nineveh

A

Assyrian political capital

52
Q

Ashurbanipal

A

king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire

53
Q

Sennacherib

A

Assyrian king - siege against Jerusalem

54
Q

Nebuchadnezzar

A

ruler of the Neo-Babylonian Empire
conquered Syria and Palestine, sacked Jerusalem, started
“Babylonian Captivity”

55
Q

Nabonidus

A

Neo-Babylonian king

unpopular, ignored Marduk in favor of Sin (moon god)

56
Q

Cyrus

A

Persian king who posed as follower of Marduk and was allowed into Babylonia by disaffected population

57
Q

Persepolis

A

primary royal capital of the Persian Empire

58
Q

Zoroastrianism

A

contribution of Persians to Near Eastern culture - god of good (Ahuramazda) vs. god of evil (Ahriman)

HI.207 (6 decks)

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