Ancient History Exam Unit 4 Flashcards
What were the working days of the workers of Deir El Medina like?
8 days on, 2 off
2-4 hours of work
2 days off celebrated by religious festivals and family gatherings
How were the workers of Deir El Medina paid?
Paid by government housing and provisions
Including: Clothing once a year, food once a month, oitments every 10 days
What was the deir el medina economy like at home ?
Able to barter their skills with other individuals to better their own tomb
What was the role of women at Dier El Medina?
Ran the village while men were away, took the role of priestess, sent supplies to workers, ran husband’s businesses and made money through their own businesses.
What proved womens literacy at Deir El Medina
Ostracas containing womens business matter and letters to and from husband
Poetry
Provide an example of womens literacy at Deir El Medina
E.g. “have brought to me bread, and whatever else you have, urgently’ - Nebneteru
What institute initially worked on the history of Deir El Medina and when?
French Archaeological Institute in Cairo, in 1914
Who did most of the history work in Deir El Medina and when?
Bernard Bruyere (1922-1951)
Who founded the town of Deir El Medina?
Ahmose I + Ahmose Nefertari
Who was responsible for most of the Ostraca translation at Deir El Medina and when?
Jaroslav Gerny (1925-1970)
What is a ‘Lit Clos’ and what does it translate to?
Enclosed Bed
A feminine space
Where were the details of the Tomb Of Sennefer initially from and what did they detail?
Page 8b of Bruyere’s notebook for 1928
Details decorations of funeral processions + techniques of the painters
What is the importance of the Tomb of Sennedjem?
First relatively intact tomb found in Deir El Medina, shows burial practises of non-royals, contained 20 burials from 3 generations and many common tools + household items
What does the Tomb of Sennedjem suggest and according to whom?
Suggests items show living to afterlife shift of focus, according to Archaeologist Lynn Meskell
What does Papyrus Salt 124 detail in regards to Deir El Medina?
Anmenakht made Panebs crimes know to the Vizier
Details his crimes for sexual assault to vandalism
List some Deir El Medina strike quotes from the Turin Strike
“18 days have already elapsed”
“the prospect of thirst and hunger has driven us to this”
“on strike not from hunger, but because we have serious accusations to make”
List some Deir El Medina strike quotes from the complaint ostraca
“we are in the most extreme deprivation… we are near death”
What year did the early explorers land in Egypt
1600-1700’s
Who is Pockoke and what did he do?
The first published account of the valley of the kings, noted 18 tombs(“signs of about 18 tombs”), only entered those previously opened
Who is Bruce and what did he discover?
became known through description on KVII (Ramesses II), noted tombs as “magnificent creatures”
Who is Brown and what did he discover?
Noted first signs of Arab interest in the area and entered one of the first ever excavations, created initial interest in Egyptology
When was the second era of excavation to and from?
1700’s to 1900’s
How did Napoleon intially gain interst in the area?
He was meant to make a passage through to India, however Nelson destroyed his fleet, leaving around 139 savants and 4000 army men to walk through the desert
How did Napoleon create Egyptology?
Used a team of experts, mapped out the area and measured lots
Publised it all in a 1000 page book called Description De L’Egypte
What notable discovers did Napoleons team make?
The rosetta stone
Opened ~6 tombs
created the first ever accurate description of the royal wad
What did Belzoni do?
Created ways to tranport large scale objects such as Ramesses II head and Ramesses III sarcophagus.
He also discovered the tomb of Seti I and KV17
Who is Flinders Petrie and what did he do?
documented and surveyed everything, used broken pottery to create a dating system and systematically uncovered objects while training others to do so
Who is Harry Burton and what did he do?
Photographed everything, created inital mount for 1:1 scale photos could be taken, document the discovery of KV62
List 2 Modern Conservation Organisations and what they do
New York Metropolitan Museum: conserved T3’s palace of the king (2015)
Used newer methods of observation
French Egyptian Centre for the Study of Temples at Karnak:Allowed for smooth epigraph project at 8th pylon, translating over 1000 inscriptions
Fixed T3 temples
What are the religious beliefs of the Pharaoh within the afterlife?
The pharaoh boards a boat wit Re during the 12 hours of the day, however the 12 hours of the night is with Osiris and they must fight and survive in order for the sun to rise again. The Pharaohs body must also remain intact
What is the mummification process of Ancient Egypt?
Placed in mummiform coffins to protect them from damage, organs placed in canopic jars, food required for the afterlife was also mummified, placed in a sarcophogi for greater protection.
What are 3 notable Amulets for Egyptian After Life beliefs?
Tye of Isis - hung around neck, made from blood of Isis (jasper)
Djed Pillar - represents peace and stability (Osiris Backbone) “a djed pullar of gold, placed at throat”
Ib Scarab - Green stone in golden mount inscribed with “do not stand against me as a witness”
Why were tombs built in secrecy?
To stop robbers, however only KV62 lasted until excavation
What were the importance of spells in the Eyptian afterlife?
The pharoah needed them to help survive the night.
What were the important chapters of the Book of the Dead?
Negative Confessions from Papyrus of Henefer
Weighing of the Heart (30b) from Papyrus of Ani (“oh my heart…do not oppose me in the tribunal”)
What was the purpose of the Amduat?
“Book of the Secret Chamber” describes all 12 hours of the night, including his unification with his body in the 6th and his victory against Apophis in the 7th
What evidence is there on Tut’s death mask that spells and prayers were used?
Inscribed with “right eye is on the boat of the day, left eye is night”
What was the afterlife like for the rest of Egypt?
Osiris’ Field Of Reeds: Same world without any negative aspects
