Ancient History Exam Unit 4

Question 1

What were the working days of the workers of Deir El Medina like?

Answer 1

8 days on, 2 off
2-4 hours of work
2 days off celebrated by religious festivals and family gatherings

Question 2

How were the workers of Deir El Medina paid?

Answer 2

Paid by government housing and provisions
Including: Clothing once a year, food once a month, oitments every 10 days

Question 3

What was the deir el medina economy like at home ?

Answer 3

Able to barter their skills with other individuals to better their own tomb

Question 4

What was the role of women at Dier El Medina?

Answer 4

Ran the village while men were away, took the role of priestess, sent supplies to workers, ran husband’s businesses and made money through their own businesses.

Question 5

What proved womens literacy at Deir El Medina

Answer 5

Ostracas containing womens business matter and letters to and from husband
Poetry

Question 6

Provide an example of womens literacy at Deir El Medina

Answer 6

E.g. “have brought to me bread, and whatever else you have, urgently’ - Nebneteru

Question 7

What institute initially worked on the history of Deir El Medina and when?

Answer 7

French Archaeological Institute in Cairo, in 1914

Question 8

Who did most of the history work in Deir El Medina and when?

Answer 8

Bernard Bruyere (1922-1951)

Question 9

Who founded the town of Deir El Medina?

Answer 9

Ahmose I + Ahmose Nefertari

Question 10

Who was responsible for most of the Ostraca translation at Deir El Medina and when?

Answer 10

Jaroslav Gerny (1925-1970)

Question 11

What is a ‘Lit Clos’ and what does it translate to?

Answer 11

Enclosed Bed
A feminine space

Question 12

Where were the details of the Tomb Of Sennefer initially from and what did they detail?

Answer 12

Page 8b of Bruyere’s notebook for 1928
Details decorations of funeral processions + techniques of the painters

Question 13

What is the importance of the Tomb of Sennedjem?

Answer 13

First relatively intact tomb found in Deir El Medina, shows burial practises of non-royals, contained 20 burials from 3 generations and many common tools + household items

Question 14

What does the Tomb of Sennedjem suggest and according to whom?

Answer 14

Suggests items show living to afterlife shift of focus, according to Archaeologist Lynn Meskell

Question 15

What does Papyrus Salt 124 detail in regards to Deir El Medina?

Answer 15

Anmenakht made Panebs crimes know to the Vizier
Details his crimes for sexual assault to vandalism

Question 16

List some Deir El Medina strike quotes from the Turin Strike

Answer 16

“18 days have already elapsed”
“the prospect of thirst and hunger has driven us to this”
“on strike not from hunger, but because we have serious accusations to make”

Question 17

List some Deir El Medina strike quotes from the complaint ostraca

Answer 17

“we are in the most extreme deprivation… we are near death”

Question 18

What year did the early explorers land in Egypt

Answer 18

1600-1700’s

Question 19

Who is Pockoke and what did he do?

Answer 19

The first published account of the valley of the kings, noted 18 tombs(“signs of about 18 tombs”), only entered those previously opened

Question 20

Who is Bruce and what did he discover?

Answer 20

became known through description on KVII (Ramesses II), noted tombs as “magnificent creatures”

Question 21

Who is Brown and what did he discover?

Answer 21

Noted first signs of Arab interest in the area and entered one of the first ever excavations, created initial interest in Egyptology

Question 22

When was the second era of excavation to and from?

Answer 22

1700’s to 1900’s

Question 23

How did Napoleon intially gain interst in the area?

Answer 23

He was meant to make a passage through to India, however Nelson destroyed his fleet, leaving around 139 savants and 4000 army men to walk through the desert

Question 24

How did Napoleon create Egyptology?

Answer 24

Used a team of experts, mapped out the area and measured lots
Publised it all in a 1000 page book called Description De L’Egypte

Question 25

What notable discovers did Napoleons team make?

Answer 25

The rosetta stone
Opened ~6 tombs
created the first ever accurate description of the royal wad

Question 26

What did Belzoni do?

Answer 26

Created ways to tranport large scale objects such as Ramesses II head and Ramesses III sarcophagus.
He also discovered the tomb of Seti I and KV17

Question 27

Who is Flinders Petrie and what did he do?

Answer 27

documented and surveyed everything, used broken pottery to create a dating system and systematically uncovered objects while training others to do so

Question 28

Who is Harry Burton and what did he do?

Answer 28

Photographed everything, created inital mount for 1:1 scale photos could be taken, document the discovery of KV62

Question 29

List 2 Modern Conservation Organisations and what they do

Answer 29

New York Metropolitan Museum: conserved T3’s palace of the king (2015)
Used newer methods of observation
French Egyptian Centre for the Study of Temples at Karnak:Allowed for smooth epigraph project at 8th pylon, translating over 1000 inscriptions
Fixed T3 temples

Question 30

What are the religious beliefs of the Pharaoh within the afterlife?

Answer 30

The pharaoh boards a boat wit Re during the 12 hours of the day, however the 12 hours of the night is with Osiris and they must fight and survive in order for the sun to rise again. The Pharaohs body must also remain intact

Question 31

What is the mummification process of Ancient Egypt?

Answer 31

Placed in mummiform coffins to protect them from damage, organs placed in canopic jars, food required for the afterlife was also mummified, placed in a sarcophogi for greater protection.

Question 32

What are 3 notable Amulets for Egyptian After Life beliefs?

Answer 32

Tye of Isis - hung around neck, made from blood of Isis (jasper)
Djed Pillar - represents peace and stability (Osiris Backbone) “a djed pullar of gold, placed at throat”
Ib Scarab - Green stone in golden mount inscribed with “do not stand against me as a witness”

Question 33

Why were tombs built in secrecy?

Answer 33

To stop robbers, however only KV62 lasted until excavation

Question 34

What were the importance of spells in the Eyptian afterlife?

Answer 34

The pharoah needed them to help survive the night.

Question 35

What were the important chapters of the Book of the Dead?

Answer 35

Negative Confessions from Papyrus of Henefer
Weighing of the Heart (30b) from Papyrus of Ani (“oh my heart…do not oppose me in the tribunal”)

Question 36

What was the purpose of the Amduat?

Answer 36

“Book of the Secret Chamber” describes all 12 hours of the night, including his unification with his body in the 6th and his victory against Apophis in the 7th

Question 37

What evidence is there on Tut’s death mask that spells and prayers were used?

Answer 37

Inscribed with “right eye is on the boat of the day, left eye is night”

Question 38

What was the afterlife like for the rest of Egypt?

Answer 38

Osiris’ Field Of Reeds: Same world without any negative aspects