Ancient Egypt Flashcards
exam 1
0 dynasty - first dynasty
places
significant facts
3400 - 2686
- naqada, hierankopolis capital, abydos, memphis capital
- sed festival
- bureaucracy
- invention of writing
- elites buried with stuff
saqqara
- cemetery overlooking memphis, represents 0-1 dynasty
- elites buried with stuff
- first stone mortuary coplex by djoser 3rd dynasty
hierakonpolis
-where narmers palette was fount
abydos
- tomb u-j
- allocation of more resources to egyption elites
- during middle kingdom, tomb dedicated to osiris
palette of narmer
- one of the first royal inscriptions, found at hierakonpolis
- shows narmer in white crown beating someone up, potentially unification of egypt
- horus shown
significance of writing
- Seen at abydos in tombs etc
- Hieroglyphs - meaning and sound
- Initially administrative in character, tracked movement f goods
- Importance of display ad commeoratinos
- Ex serekhs, honored gods nand kings
nubian relations 1-3rd dynasty
- north of second cataract, elites obtained gold and ivory through nubian exchange
- later change of attitude, viewed as hostiles
3rd through 5th dynasties characteristics
2686-2345 the great pyramid builders* -know djoser and sneferu -pyramids required bureaucracy -memphis was burial site
king djoser
- 3rd dynasty 3686-2613
- first mortuary complex at saqqara
- imhotep
sneferu
- 4th dynasty 2613-2684
- 3 pyramids at meidum (kinda pyramid) and dashur (bent pyramid)
- military campaign into nubia for 4th-5th dynasty
5th dynasty characteristics
2494-2487
- userkaf: solar temple at abusir
- king unas: earliest perserved pyramid texts
pyramid texts
- with king unas during the 5h dynasty
- spells of mortuary book
- guided king to his place alongside the sun
- given to officals during the intermediate period as well
pyramids: significance
- thousands of workers, whole country contributed
- bureaucracy for collection and redistribution of resources
- nomes provided food
into intermediate period sig facts
king pepy II fault
- capital from memphis to herakleopolis
- offices passed down to sons, regionalization of power
- ended with thebes and mentuhotep
10th dynasty significance
king pepy ii
king pepy ii
- longest rule inn egyptian history
- regionalizatin of power, weak successors, weak personality
coffin texts
-significant during intermediate pyramid, showed officials had more power, democratization of the hereafter
why was there regionalization of power
- weakness of king pepy,he needed advisors which got more wealth
- weak personality, rulers became omre independent
- clcimate change, egypt too dry, couldnt feed people, local rulers micromanaged irrigation
ankhtify
intermediate period, arrogant official
nubia during intermediate pyramid
- weakening of egypt tallowed for nubia to regain control
- c gorup, nomadic nubian chiefs settled
- hostile
kerma/harkhuf
-beginning 6th dynasty in nubia, south of second cataract, also called yam
-provied exotic sub saharan african goods
harkhuf
-three journeys under reign of pepy II, peaceful
mercenaries during 6th dynasty
- nubian and libyan soldiers
- representations as egyptians but with darker skinn
- fully accepted into egyptian mortuary customs but wanted separate identity
thebes
started in the south with intef
-started to rival dynasty at herakleopolis
intef
priest who pacified south, lead to thebes, started rival dynasty against herakleopolis
mentuhotep II
king in charge of final thrust of herakleopolis
herakleopolis
capital during the first intermediate period
middle kingdom significance
-nomarchs disappeared replaced with south and head of the south
-provincial tombs disappeared, local rulers joined bureaucracy
-amenemhat family ruled for 200 years
-campaigns into nubia
-depiction of kings as warriors
-development of literature
rise of cult of osiris and ra
-capital moved to itj tawi
king amenemhat I
first king to reestablish order in middle kingdom
- family ruled for 200 years, ruled with co regency
- first pyramid sinice pepy II
significance of itj tawi
- moved capital away from royal theban families
- moved capital closer to population
co-regency
-son became successor, junior king
senusret III
- campaigns in levant and nubia, seen as warrior
- annexed region
- got rid of office of nomarchs
queen sobekneferu
-last ruler of 12th dynasty because no male heir
lahun
-Example of courts reach into provinces to try and do internal colonization
-Because split of power still between the local lords and centralized state
-Built for the purpose of housing personnel for maintenance of mortuary cults or military colonies
Built with strict standardized layounts, example of strict state supervision
tale of sinuje
- example of middle egyptian literature
- transfer of power from amenemhat I to senusret I, sinuhe panicked so he went to the sinai. Nomads saved him, he becacme famous, but Senusret invited him back and he was famous again
- showed that egyptians did not understand nomads
significance of literature
- large amounts appeared during middle kingdom,
- set in historical context, used to educate scribes but also reflected morals of egyptians
- ex tale of sinuhe, the eloquent peasant
medjay
nomads from sinai/eastern desert
second intermdiate period significance
- capital moved to thebes, lost control of avaris
- hyksos in north, kush in south
- avaris
- kush, classical kerma phase
avaris
- founded originally by amenemhat I, similar to Lahun
- dead buried in or near houes
- animal burials revealed status, profession
- hyksos dynasty set up court there
nubia/kush /kerma second intermediate period
- egypt could no longer occupy
- kush, just south of third cataract
- kerma, buried dead in tumulus
- hybrid culture
classical kerma phase
- increase in tumulus size and number of offerings
- kerma fluorished, peopole started living outside walls
- center was religious district
seqenra ta
- king during second intermediate period
- died violently from blows to the head, maybe battle with hyksos
apepi
-penultimate hyksos king
king kamose
- last king of the 17th dynasty
- excerpt complaining about divisions
- advisers said relations were fine, but he attacked anyways
ahmose
-credited with defeat of hyksos
