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Ancient Egypt Flashcards

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1
Q

Narmer

A

First known Egyptian king
~3200 BCE
Conquered and unified upper and lower Egypt
Established a political system that would last for 3,000 years
Considered a God King
Directed irrigation canal construction
Created a surplus of food and a standing army
Created a strong central government

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2
Q

Zoser

A

2686-2649 BCE
First pyramid builder
Built Step Pyramid of Saqqara, the first stone building in history

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3
Q

Imhotep

A

~2,600’s BCE
Zaser’s architect of the Step Pyramid of Saqqara, the first stone building on earth.
Renowned healer who was later worshiped as a God.
Wrote down first medical diagnoses and practices.

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4
Q

Horus Sekhemkhet

A

Zoser’s successor, ruling from 2649-2643 BCE

Died before his own step pyramid was more than a few feet high.

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5
Q

Sneferu

A 
2613-2589 BCE
The great pyramid builder
First two pyramids were structural failures, though nearly as large as the Great Pyramid of Giza
“Smiter of Barbarians”
Traveled and traded.
Seen as an approachable Pharaoh
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6
Q

Khufu (Cheops)

A

2589-2566 BCE
Son of Snefru
Built the Great Pyramid

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7
Q

Chephren (Kafre)

A

2558-2532 BCE

Builder of the Sphinx (a man, not a woman)

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8
Q

Pepi 2

A

2278-2184 BCE
Last Pharaoh of the Old Kingdom
Reigned for 94 years, the longest reign in the history of the world

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9
Q

Intef Seher-towi

A

2134-2117 BCE
First Pharaoh after the first intermediate period
Names means “makes peace in two lands”

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10
Q

Intef Wahankh

A

2117-2064 BCE
Second Pharaoh after first intermediate period
First known dog lover in history

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11
Q

Intef Nakht-neb -tep-nefer

A

2069-2060
Last of the Intef Kings
Name means beautiful and strong champion.
Fought with northern rulers, trying to unify egypt.

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12
Q

Montuhotep 1

A

2060-2010
United Egypt to end the period of anarchy.
Left records of many battles
Built a mortuary temple in Thebes.

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13
Q

Monuhotep Se-ankh-Karla-re

A

2010-1998
Son of Monuhotep 1
Dug 12 wells along the caravan route of the Wadi Hammamat

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14
Q

Monuhotep Neb-towi-Re

A

1997-1991

Sent 10,000 men to the Wadi Hammamat for stone

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15
Q

Amenemhet 1

A

1991-1962
Vizier of Monuhotep Neb-towi-re, or a commoner who became king
Was likely murdered, possibly in a Palace Coup

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16
Q

Sesostris 1

A

1971-1962 BCE
Son of Amenemhet 1
Built forts in Nubia (Biblical Kush) to control gold supply
Built a pair of 66’ obelisks at Heliopolis

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17
Q

Amenemhet 2

A

1929-1895 BCE

Hallmarks were foreign trade and expansionism

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18
Q

Sesostris 2

A

1897-1878 BCE

Expanded agriculture in the Fayoum area

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19
Q

Sesostris 3

A

1878-1841 BCE
Military leader who crushed the Nubians
6’ 6” tall
Built many temples

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20
Q

Amenemhet 3

A

1842-1797 BCE
Last great king of the Middle Kingdom
Sent many expeditions to the turquoise mines in Sinai
Buried with his daughter, Neferu-Ptah

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21
Q

Amenemhet 4

A

1798-1786 BCE
Little known about him
Only known monument is a temple at Medinet Maadi

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22
Q

Queen Sobeknefru

A

1785-1782 BCE
Last Pharaoh of the Middle Kingdom.
Little is known about her.
No pyramid is found

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23
Q

King Hor

A

1760 BCE
King during the Lost Dynasty
Built 4 small pyramids, a sign of decline
Signs of a Hyksos (A semite group) invasion during his reign and foreign trade with Minoans including frescos.

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24
Q

Ahmose

A

1570-1546 BCE

Expelled the Hyksos from Egypt and secured northern and southern borders

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25
Q

Amenhotep 1

A

1551-1524 BCE
Name means “The god Amun is pleased)
Military leader
Left no sons to lead

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26
Q

Tuthmosis 1

A

1524-1581 BCE
Military leader who married the daughter of King Ahmose, the father of his predecessor, Amenhotep 1
Led the greatest Nubian campaign
Conquered two Bedouin tribes
Erected a stela to proclaim Egypts southern border
Led a Mesopotamian campaign to the Euphrates
Constructed the first tomb in the Valley of the Kings to hide from pyramid tomb robbers
Started the growing importance of Thebes as a religious capital

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27
Q

Tuthmosis 2

A

1518-1504 BCE
Son of Tutmosis 1 and Mutnefert
Married his 12 year old step sister, Hatshepsut, the heiress to the royal line

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28
Q

Hatshepsut

A

1498-1483 BCE
Daughter of Tuthmosis 1, wife of her step brother, Tuthmosis 2
Became Pharaoh shortly after her husbands death
Buried with her father, not her husband
Likely had a lover after her husbands death named Senenmut, a commoner, lifelong bachelor, and overseer of the royal palace
Name was removed from the kings list and almost all other records about 20 years after her death

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29
Q

Tuthmosis 3

A

Nephew of Hatshepsut and rightful ruler
Off on military campaigns until Hatshepsut’s death
Greatest military leader of ancient Egypt
Used strategy to defeat the Palestinians and Syrians in year 2 of his reign, though many escaped to Megiddo while his troops looted the dead, forcing a 7 year siege of the city.
Used a “tank” with a battering ram on Megiddo.
Led campaigns in Syria for the next 18 years, always returning to bury their dead in Egypt.
Wrote a botanical book of plants he saw on his campaigns
Erased Hatshepsut’s name late in his reign, not out of malice, but in respect for religion
Tomb built high in a cliff wall

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30
Q

Amenhotep 2

A

1453-1419 BCE
Successor of Tuthmosis 3
Military leader in Nubia

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31
Q

Tuthmosis 4

A

Successor of Amenhotep 2

Reigned for 30 years

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32
Q

Amenhotep 3

A

1386-1349 BCE
Successor of Tuthmosis 4
Diplomat, not a conqueror
Married a foreign princess from Mitanni

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33
Q

Akhenaten

A

Heretic Pharaoh
Son of Amenhotep 3 and husband of Nefertiti, a beautiful commoner
Changed his name from Amenhotep 4 to Akhenaten
Instituted first ever monotheism by mandating the worship of Aten and no other Egyptian gods
Likely forced to move from Thebes
Built Tell el Amarna in the desert and never left the city
Ignored military and foreign trade, further isolating Egypt.
Likely father of Tutankhaman

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34
Q

Nefertiti

A

Wife of Akhenaten, the heretic Pharaoh

Had her own temple, dedicated to women, which was highly uncommon.

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35
Q

Tutankhamen

A

Son of a minor wife of Akhenaten, the heretic Pharaoh
Likely murdered at 18 years old by his older Viseer Aye
Left a young wife, Ankhesenamen

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36
Q

Ankhesenamen

A

Young wife of Tutankamen
Wrote to Hittite king asking for a prince to marry for fear of Tutankhamen’s murderer and Viseer, Aye, and having no heirs.
Hittite prince was murdered by a large military force sent by Aye before he entered Egypt
Later forced to marry Aye and disappeared from all record

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37
Q

Aye

A

Viseer and murderer of the young Tutankhamen
Sent a military force to kill the Hittite prince coming to marry Ankhesenamen, the late Tutankhaman’s wife.
Became king by marrying Ankhesenamen at 60 years old

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38
Q

Horemheb

A

Successor of Aye
Man of law and order
Commander of the army under Amenhotep 3 and later set aside under the reign of Akhenaten
Became King’s deputy under Tutankhamen
Tried to erase the reigns of Akhenaten, Tutankhamen, and Aye from history
Brought priests into the military to cement military-state relations
Great builder
Erased Tutankhamen’s name and replaced it with his own
Restored Egypt to tradition
Had no heirs

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39
Q

Ramses 1

A 
1293-1291 BCE
Commoner, Visier, and friend of Horemheb
Father was a general named Seti
Short reign
Wife Sitre was the first curried in the Valley of the Queens
40
Q

Seti 1

A

1291-1278 BCE
Son of Ramses 1 and father of Ramses 2 (The Great)
First great king of Dynasty 14
Name means “follower of Seth”
Reestablished Egypt through military campaigns
Built one of the most beautiful monuments in Egypt, Hypostyle Hall at Karnak (100 men can stand on top of just one of the columns)
Buried in the Valley of the Kings, in a beautiful tomb with an astronomical design on the ceiling and a translucent, alabaster sarcophagus

41
Q

Ramses 2 (The Great)

A

Son of Seti 1
Married Nefertari as Chief wife and had 52 sons
Very bold, young Pharaoh
Completed his fathers Hypostyle Hall at Karnak and claimed credit for it
Established his reputation early in the battle of Kadesh gains the Hittites
Great builder
Built the famous temple at Abu Simbel
Accepted first peace treaty in the world with the Hittites
Took a Hittite wife and his soldiers, “ate and drank with the Hittites”, showing his desire for peace later in life
Provided physicians to the Hittite king
Lost his great wife, Nefertari in year 20 of his reign and it devastated him.
Wrote at Abu Simbel that Nefertari was she “for whose sake the very sun does shine”
Most of his children died before him, which devastated him
Likely the Pharaoh of the exodus story in the Bible, though much of it was greatly exaggerated

42
Q

Merneptah

A

13th son of Ramses the Great
Ruled from 1212-1202 BCE
Built the famous Victory Stela in Thebes

43
Q

Amenmesses

A

1202-1199 BCE
Son of Merneptah
Known as a mystery king

44
Q

Seti 2

A

1199-1193 BCE
Son of Amenmesses
Erased his fathers name, the worst fate for an Egyptian Pharaoh

45
Q

Siptah

A

1193-1187 BCE
Son of Set 2
Had a deformed foot from Polio

46
Q

Twosret

A

1187-1185 BCE

Stepmother of Siptah who ruled as king after his death, a sign of turmoil in Egypt

47
Q

Setnakht

A

1185-1182 BCE
Successor of Twosret
Put down Asiatic rebellions, reopened temples, and restored order

48
Q

Ramses 3

A

1182-1151 BCE
Successor of Setnakht
The last great Pharaoh of Egypt
Crushed the Libyan invasion and defeated the Sea Peoples, a confederation of Philistings, Sicilians, and other Mediteranian peoples
Led great military campaigns
Tried to be assassinated by one of his wives so her son could be king
Tried 12 conspirators, but died before the trial ended

49
Q

Ramses 4

A

1151-1145 BCE
Son of Ramses 3
Ruled for only 6 years

50
Q

Ramses 5

A

1145-1141 BCE
Second son of Ramses 3 to become king
Likely died of smallpox

51
Q

Ramses 6

A

1141-1133 BCE

Third son of Ramses 3 to become King

52
Q

Ramses 7

A

1133-1126
Son of Ramses 6
Saw the decline of Egypt continue with economic turmoil and soaring prices

53
Q

Ramses 11

A

1098-1070 BCE
Last Pharaoh of the 14th Dynasty
Lost control of the South

54
Q

Heri-Hor

A

1080-1074 BCE

Took control of Southern Egypt during the reign of Ramses 11

55
Q

Pinedjem

A

1070-1032 BCE
Married the daughter of Ramses 11, though he ruled the south
Restored damaged mummies in the Valley of the Kings

56
Q

Masaherta

A

1054-1046 BCE

Son of Pinedjem and not very influential

57
Q

Smendes 1

A

1069-1043 BCE
One of the “Kings of Tanis”
Ruled the Delta and was the official king of Egypt, though he had no control in the south
Moved the capital to Tanis after the death of Ramses 11

58
Q

Siamum

A 
978-959 BCE
One of the Kings fo Tanis
Built Temple of Amun at Tanis
Restored mummies at Thebes
His daughter likely married Solomon, son of David in the Bible
59
Q

Sheshonq 1

A

945-924 BCE
First Libyan Pharaoh
Commander in Chief of the army
Called “The Great chief of the Meshwesh”
Used Libyan mercenaries as a police force in Egypt
Launched a military campaign, mentioned in the Bible after the death of Solomon

60
Q

Osorkon 1

A

924-889 BCE

Son of Sheshonq

61
Q

Takelot 2

A

889-874 BCE
Grandson of Osorkon 1
Troubled by a civil war and rebellion as Assyria continued to grow in power

62
Q

Piye

A

747-716 BCE
King of Nubia, the skilled bowmen to the south
Conquered Egypt
Punished the Egyptians for treating their horses poorly

63
Q

Shabaka

A

716-702 BCE
Brother of Piye
Built temples at Thebes, Memphis, and Abydos

64
Q

Taharqa

A 
690-664 BCE
Successor of Shabaka
Built many temples
Battled the Assyrians at Judea
Defeated Esarhaddon, King of Assyria at Ashkelon, but lost at Memphis 2 years later to Asherbanipal and fled to Thebes
65
Q

Tanuatamun

A

664-656 BCE
Cousin of Taharqa
Lost the rest of Egypt to the Assyrians

66
Q

Necho 1

A

665-664 BCE

Placed on the throne by Ashurbanipal

67
Q

Psamtik 1

A

664-610 BCE
Son of Necho 1
Removed the Assyrians from Egypt

68
Q

Necho 2

A

610-595 BCE
Son of Psamtik
Enlisted Greeks to form an Egyptian navy and dug a canal from a branch of the Nile to the Red Sea

69
Q

Psamtik 2

A

595-589 BCE
Son of Necho 2
Campaigned in Nubia and helped Zedekiah lead a revolt against the Babylonians, resulting in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587 BCE

70
Q

Apries

A

589-570 BCE
Son of Psamtik 2
Supported the Libyans against the Greeks and lost, causing a civil war in Egypt
Was defeated by a commoner, Amasis

71
Q

Amasis

A

570-526 BCE
Led a civil war and won against Apries
Pro Greek

72
Q

Psamtik 3

A 
526-525 BCE
Successor of Amasis
Defeated by the Persians
First Egyptian king captured by foreigners
Was taken to Susa, the Persian capital
73
Q

Cambyses 2

A

525-522 BCE

Son of Cyrus the Great of Persia

74
Q

Darius 1

A

521-486 BCE
Persian successor of Cambyses
Took interest in Egypt and built temples

75
Q

Xerxes

A

Successor of Darius 1

Put down many rebellions in Egypt over 20 years

76
Q

Artaxerxes 1

A

465-424 BCE
Successor of Xerxes
Had a long reign, but had to put down continuous revolts

77
Q

Darius 2

A

423-405 BCE

Fought revolts in Egypt

78
Q

Artaxerxes 2

A

405-359 BCE

Lost control of Egypt

79
Q

Nectanabo 1

A

380-362 BCE
Declared himself King
Repelled Greek and Persian invasions

80
Q

Djedhor (Teos)

A

362-360 BCE
Son of Nectanebo
His son declared his grandson, Nectanebo 2, Pharaoh while he was out of the country

81
Q

Nectanebo 2

A

Grandson of Djedhor
Declared king while his grandfather was away
Lost in an invasion of Persia and fled to Nubia
Was the last native Egyptian Pharaoh

82
Q

Artaxerxes 3

A

343-338 BCE
Invaded Egypt, sacked the temples, killed the sacred bulls, and robbed the treasures
Poisoned in Susa

83
Q

Darius 3

A

336-332 BCE
Last Persian King in Egypt
Lost to Alexander the Great

84
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Admired Egyptian culture
Wanted to become a Pharaoh “God”
Asked the Oracle of Amun who his father was and the oracle replied “the Sun”, making him a God
Left Egypt soon after for other conquests

85
Q

Ptolemy 1 (Soter)

A

323-282 BCE
Received Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great
Ruled first as governor in deference to Alexanders mentally challenged half brother Phillip 3 Arrhidaeus, who was later assassinated by Alexanders mother, Olympia
Committed to public works.
Created the library of Alexandria, with some 700,000 papyrus scrolls, the largest library in the world
Created the first think tank sponsored by the state, leading to many great advancements in mathematics, engineering, and astronomy
Build Pharos Lighthouse, one of the wonders of the ancient world
Ran Egypt like a business and never left Alexandria

86
Q

Ptolomy 2 Philadelphus

A

285-246 BCE
Reclaimed land by draining part of Fayoum lake to increase grain production
Commissioned the Septuagint, the Greek translation of the Old Testament by 70 Rabbis.

87
Q

Ptolemy 3 Eugertes

A

246-222 BCE
The last “good” Ptolemy
Began the Horus Temple at Edfu, the best preserved temple in Egypt
Searched all incoming ships for books, which were then copied and the copies given back

88
Q

Ptolemy 4 Philopater

A

222-205 BCE
Started the decline of the Ptolemy’s
He and his mother poisoned his brother
Died of excess living at 41

89
Q

Ptolemy 9 Soter 2

A

116-110, 88-80 BCE
Accused of plotting to kill his mother, he fled to Cyprus
Returned after the death of Ptolemy 10 Alexander 1

90
Q

Ptolemy 10 Alexander 1

A

110-88 BCE

So obese he couldn’t walk

91
Q

Ptolemy 11 Alexander 2

A

80 BCE
Murdered his older aunt a few weeks after her wedding and was lynched 19 days into his reign, leaving no legitimate dependant

92
Q

Ptolemy 12

A

Father of Cleopatra 12
Bribed the Romans to keep him in the throne, and raised taxes to do so.
Was so hated by the Egyptians that they ran him out of the country, leaving his Daughter Bernice to rule
Returned later with Roman troops, killed Bernice’s husband in battle, and later murdered her
Renowned builder
Build a great deal at Philae, making it the Karnak temple of the Ptolomy era
Left his next eldest daughter Cleopatra 7 to rule with her younger brother Ptolemy 8

93
Q

Bernice

A

Daughter of Ptolemy 12
Sister of Cleopatra 12
Married to her cousin, but had him strangled a week after the wedding.
Married her friend, who was later killed in battle when her father returned with Roman troops
Murdered by her father

94
Q

Ptolemy 8

A

Brother of Cleopatra 8

95
Q

Cleopatra 12

A

Very bright and active from a young age
First Ptolemy to speak Egyptian
No portraits of her, just coins showing her long nose
Had reddish hair
Fled to Syria when Pothinus turned the people against her.
Returned hidden in a robe when Caesar came to visit and convinced him to let her lead instead of her brother
Took Caesar on a Nile cruise to impress him and she became pregnant, giving birth to a son, Caesarion
Regarded as a goddess
Went with Caesar to Rome, which outraged his wife, Calpurnia, and all of Rome
After Caesars death, she became Antony’s lover and held extravagant parties
She became pregnant with twins and Antony left to Rome, abandoning her for Octavians sister.
He later returned to Egypt and married Cleopatra in exchange for her financing his war and allowing Caesarion to be Pharaoh
Antony lost the war and returned to Egypt
Octavian came for her, and intending to poison herself, she sent word to Antony of her death, who ran himself on his sword and was brought to her, dying in her arms.
Octavian captured her and she killed herself by an asp, thus denying Octavian the chance of parading her through the streets of Rome

Important People From Ancient History (9 decks)

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