Anatomy - Year 1 - MSK Flashcards
What (3) structures strengthen the lumbosacral joints?
1) lumbosacral disk
2) anterior/posterior longitudinal ligaments
3) iliolumbar ligaments
a) What are the 3 primary ligaments which strengthen the sacroiliac joint?
b) What are the 3 accessory ligaments which also help to strengthen the sacroiliac joint?
a) Primary Ligaments:
1) anterior sacroiliac
2) interosseous
3) posterior sacroiliac
b) Accessory Ligaments:
1) sacrospinous
2) sacrotuberous
3) iliolumbar
What (3) Bones fuse to make up the innominate bone? Where do all (3) bones fuse together?
1) ilium
2) ischium
3) pubis
Fuse together within the acetabulum
What are the 7 primary external rotator muscles of the hip joint?
1) Piriformis
2) Superior Gemellus
3) Inferior Gemellus
4) Obturator Internus
5) Obturator Externus
6) Quadratus Femoris
7) Gluteus Maximus
What are (4) areas of the body which could refer pain or discomfort due to stress on the iliolumbar ligaments?
1) inguinal ligaments
2) sacroiliac ligaments
3) pubes
4) femoral triangle of the thigh
What (3) structures make up the inguinal triangle?
1) inguinal ligament
2) rectus femoris
3) inferior epigastric artery & vein
What (3) structures make up the femoral triangle? and what are some of it’s important contents?
1) inguinal ligament (superiorly)
2) adductor longus (medially)
3) sartorius (laterally)
Contents: femoral sheath (funnel shaped fascial tube), femoral nerve, femoral artery & vein
a) What is the Anatomical Snuffbox?
b) What are the structures that create it’s boundaries?
c) What are some of it’s important contents?
a) Anatomical Snuffbox:
triangular deepening on the radial & dorsal aspect of the hand at the level of the carpal bones (spec. scaphoid & trapezium bones forming the floor)
b) Boundaries:
- tendon of extensor pollicis longus (medially)
- tendons of extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus (laterally)
- styloid process of radius (proximal border)
- approx. apex of schematic snuffbox (distal)
- floor can vary: but generally scaphoid & trapezium carpal bones can be palpated
c) Contents:
- radial artery
- cephalic vein
- radial nerve (dorsal cutaneous branch)
a) What are the boundaries of the Posterior Triangle of the Neck?
b) What are some of it’s important contents?
c) What are the muscles within the posterior triangle that create it’s floor?
a) Boundaries:
1) Sternocleidomastoid (Anteriorly)
2) Trapezius (Posteriorly)
3) Clavicle (Inferiorly)
b) Contents: contains 2 other triangles: occipital & supraclavicular
c) Muscles of Posterior Triangle Floor: splenius capitis, levator scapulae, middle and posterior scalenes
a) Which Triangle is the Occipital Triangle a part of?
b) Where does it get it’s name?
c) What are it’s important contents?
a) Posterior Triangle of the Neck
b) Gets it’s name from the presence of the occipital artery in it’s apex
c) Contents: portion of jugular vein, posterior branches of the cervical plexus, accessory nerve, trunks of brachial plexus, transverse cervical artery and cervical lymph nodes
a) Which Triangle is the Supraclavicular Triangle a part of?
b) What are it’s important contents?
a) Posterior Triangle of the Neck
b) Contents: subclavian artery & portion of vein, suprascapular artery and supraclavicular lymph nodes
a) What are the boundaries of the Anterior Triangle of the Neck?
b) What are some of it’s important contents?
c) What are the structures/muscles within the anterior triangle that create it’s floor?
a) Boundaries:
1) Sternocleidomastoid (Posteriorly)
2) Midline of the neck & mandible (Anteriorly)
3) Inferior aspect of the mandible (Superiorly)
4) Jugular Notch (Inferiorly)
b) Contents: suprahyoid muscles, infrahyoid muscles, carotid system of arteries (common, internal, external carotid arteries), anterior jugular veins, branches of cervical and cranial nerves
c) Structures/Muscles of Anterior Triangle Floor: larynx, pharynx, thyroid
a) What is the Carpal Tunnel?
b) How many and what type of muscle tendons pass through this tunnel?
c) Aside from the muscle tendons - what nerve passes through the tunnel?
d) Name the structures that create the carpal tunnel?
a) A fibro-osseous passageway on the palmar side of the wrist connecting distal forearm to middle compartment of the palm
b) 9 long flexor tendons pass through tunnel - 4x Flexor Digitorum Profundus, 4x Flexor Digitorum Superficialis & tendon for Flexor Pollicis Longus (within tendon sheath)
c) The median nerve (between the tendons of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor digitorum superficialis)
d) Structures:
- carpal bones (create a concavity/arch on
palmar side of wrist)
- sulcus carpi (groove on palmar side of wrist)
- flexor retinaculum
Name the relevant Triangles, Fossas, Canals, Spaces, Tunnels & Hiatuses of the Human Body?
Triangles (6):
1) Anterior Triangle of the Neck
2) Posterior Triangle of the Neck
- Occipital & Supraclavicular
3) Inguinal Triangle
4) Femoral Triangle
5) Pelvic Triangle
- Anal & Urogenital
6) Anatomical Snuffbox
Fossas (3):
1) Popliteal
2) Cubital
3) Axilla
Canals, Spaces, Tunnels & Hiatuses (4):
1) Carpal Tunnel
2) Adductor Canal
3) Adductor Hiatus
4) Quadrangular SpaceWhat are the 7 joints of the Shoulder?
Hints: 2 Humeral • 2 Clavicular • 3 Costal
2 Humeral: - suprahumeral - glenohumeral 2 Clavicular: - sternoclavicular - acromioclavicular 3 Costal: - scapulocostal - sternocostal - costovertebral/costotransverse
What percentage of weight is fascia in the human body?
16%
What percentage of fascia is made up of water?
25%
What (7) muscles have attachment to the Greater Trochanter of the Femur?
1) piriformis
2) obturator internus
3) superior gemellus
4) inferior gemellus
5) gluteus minimus
6) gluteus medius
7) vastus laterales
What (2) muscles have attachment to the Lesser Trochanter of the Femur?
1) Psoas Major
2) Iliacus
What are the (5) muscles that causes flexion at the hip joint?
1) Rectus Femoris (Quads)
2) Sartorius
3) Psoas Major
4) Iliacus
5) Pectineus
What are the (2) major muscles that cause extension at the hip joint?
1) gluteus maxiumus
2) biceps femoris (long head)
What are the (5) primary internal rotators of the hip joint?
(Hint: first 5 same as the primary adductors of hip)
What are (2) accessory internal rotators of the leg?
1) Pectineus
2) Adductor Brevis
3) Adductor Longus
4) Adductor Magnus
5) Gracilis
Accessory Rotators:
1) Semitendinosus
2) Semimembranosus
What are the (5) primary adductors of the hip joint?
1) Pectineus
2) Adductor Brevis
3) Adductor Longus
4) Adductor Magnus
5) Gracilis
What (3) structures make up the Hip?
1) Innominate Bone
2) Acetabulum (Acetabular Joint)
3) Head of Femur
With Patient in anatomical position - how is the acetabulum oriented? (3 points)
1) laterally
2) inferiorly
3) anteriorly (slightly)
a) To what does the angle of inclination refer to?
b) Provide the normal range (in degrees) for the angle of inclination as seen in adults
a) Refers to the angle created by the anatomical axis of the shaft of the femur and the longitudinal axis of the neck of the femur (from the head to greater trochanter of femur)
b) 120-135°
a) To what does the angle of anteversion refer to?
b) Provide the normal range (in degrees) for the angle of anteversion as seen in adults
a) Refers to the twisting of the shaft of the femur - where the distal condyles of femur are on a transverse plane, the shaft twists so that from the greater trochanter, neck through to the the head of the femur articulates anteriorly within the acetabulum
b) 12-15°
What are the (6) major motions of the hip joint?
1) flexion
2) extension
3) adduction
4) abduction
5) internal rotation
6) external rotation
What are the (2) minor motions of the hip joint?
1) anterior glide of the femoral head within the acetabulum during external rotation of the hip joint
2) posterior glide of the femoral head within the acetabulum during internal rotation of the hip joint
What are the (4) axes of the femur?
1) Anatomical longitudinal
2) Functional longitudinal
3) Transverse
4) Anterior/Posterior (A/P)
About which axis does internal/external rotation of the femur occur?
Functional longitudinal (sagittal - according to Kuchera!)
What (4) muscles cause extension at the knee joint?
Quadriceps:
1) Rectus Femoris
2) Vastus Laterales
3) Vastus Intermedius
4) Vastus Medialis
What (6) muscles cause flexion at the knee joint?
Hamstrings (first 4):
1) Biceps Femoris (Long Head)
2) Semimembranosus
3) Semitendinosus
4) Sartorius
5) Gracilis
6) Popliteus
What are the (3) muscles that form the Pes Anserine group? and what is their common attachment point?
1) Sartorius
2) Gracilis
3) Semitendinosus
Common attachment point: medial surface of superior shaft of tibia
Name the (7) Tarsal Bones of the Foot?
1) Talus
2) Calcaneus
3) Navicular
4) Cuboid
5) Medial Cuneiform
6) Intermediate Cuneiform
7) Lateral Cuneiform
What are the (3) ligaments found on the lateral aspect of the ankle?
(Hint: At Least The, CFL, Pulls The Ladies)
1) ATL - anterior talofibular ligament
2) CFL - calcaneofibular ligament
3) PTL - posterior talofibular ligament
What are the (4) ligaments found on the medial aspect of the ankle?
(Hint: All The Trannies, Paint The Town, Trendy Colours, ToNight!)
1) ATT - anterior tibiotalar ligament
2) PTT - posterior tibiotalar ligament
3) TC - tibiocalcaneal ligament
4) TN - tibionavicular ligament
What is the name of and what comprises the true ankle joint?
Tibiotalar Joint - distal end of tibia and proximal portion of the talus
What (3) motions which together create supination of the foot?
1) plantar flexion
2) adduction
3) inversion
What (3) motions which together create pronation of the foot?
1) dorsiflexion
2) abduction
3) eversion
Name the Muscular Layers of the Foot (1-2 dorsal & 4 plantar)
(Hint: Extend your Digits Briefly? Extend your Hand Briefly?
AH! Flex your Digits Briefly, Always Do the Minimum,
Quiet Plants are Lazy,
Flex your Hot Bod And Hop, Flex your Digits Minimally and Briefly,
Inbetween your Dude & Peeps!)
1) Dorsal:
- extensor digitorum brevis
- extensor hallucis brevis
1) Plantar:
- abductor hallucis
- flexor digitorum brevis
- abductor digiti minimi
2) Plantar:
- quadratus plantae
- lumbricales
3) Plantar:
- flexor hallucis brevis
- adductor hallucis
- flexor digiti minimi brevis
4) Plantar & Dorsal:
- interossei
What are the boundaries of the thorax?
- Superiorly: STA - ribs 1, manubrium, T1
- Anteriorly: sternum - manubrium, gladiolus, xyphoid process
- Laterally - chest wall/ribs (cage)
- Inferiorly: xyphoid process, ribs 6-12, L1-L3 - enclosed by respiratory diaphragm
- Posteriorly: T1-T12 & corresponding intervertebral disks
a) What does STA stand for? and what structures make it up?:
b) anatomically
c) functionally
a) superior thoracic aperture
b) manubrium, ribs 1, T1
c) manubrium (incl. sternal angle/angle of Louis), ribs 1 & 2, T1-T4 (incl. articulating intervertebral disks)
Give 3 examples of fascial chains found in the human body and where they run (approx.)
1) (cervical) prevertebral - continue into the thorax as the prevertebral fascia
2) visceral - attach to sphenoid & pterygoid areas at base of skull and continue through the neck to become the visceral fascia
3) pharyngeal - attach to inferior mandible, becomes fascias of arm and anterior chest wall/thorax
What are the (2) main mechanical functions of the thorax?
1) Respiration
2) Lymphatic Pump
What are the (6) mechanical requirements for effective breathing?
1) closed chest cage
2) intact phrenic nerve (C3-C5 innervation to the diaphragm)
3) special muscle attachments
4) a strong, well-domed respiratory diaphragm
5) motion capabilities of 146 joints of the thoracic, costal and sternal structures
6) special arrangement of the rib cage in relation to the thoracic spine producing mechanical respiratory actions
What level of the spine are the following structures found?
a) Vena Cava
b) Esophagus
c) Aorta
d) Xyphoid Process
a) T8
b) T10
c) T12
d) T9
a) Which Ribs are considered Typical/Atypical?
b) What are the (5) characteristics a rib must have to be considered ‘Typical’?
a) Typical: 3-10 • Atypical: 1, 2, 11, 12
b) Characteristics:
1) head
2) neck
3) tubercle
4) costal angle
5) shaft
Which Ribs are considered True/False? and why?
- True: 1-7 - attach directly to sternum (through costal cartilage)
- False: 8-12 - do NOT attach directly to sternum
What are the (4) groupings of rib types within the human rib cage? Indicate the motion characteristics of each rib grouping
1) Ribs 1-2: pump handle
2) Ribs 3-6: mixed pump/bucket handle
3) Ribs 7-10: bucket handle
4) Ribs 11-12: pincer/caliper
Name the primary muscles you would use for rib lesions and their corresponding ribs
1) Ribs 1-2: scalenes
2) Ribs 3-5: pectoralis minor
3) Ribs 1-8: anterior serratus
4) Ribs 9-12: latissimus dorsi (w/quadratus lumborum @11-12)
What are the (4) rotator cuff muscles of the shoulder? What is their primary function?
1) supraspinatus
2) infraspinatus
3) teres minor
4) subscapularis
Primary Function: to stabilize the glenohumeral joint
What are the (3) external rotators of the shoulder? Provide their attachment points
1) infraspinatus
- infraspinous fossa of scapula
- greater tubercle of humerus
2) teres minor
- inferior lateral aspect of scapula
- greater tuberosity of humerus
3) posterior deltoid
- scapular spine
- deltoid tuberosity of humerus
What are (5) major internal rotators of the shoulder? Provide their attachment points
1) pectoralis major
- inferior clavicle, anterolateral aspect of
sternum, cartilages of true ribs (1-7)
- crest of greater tubercle of humerus
2) anterior deltoid
- inferior, anterior, lateral aspect of clavicle
- deltoid tuberosity of humerus
3) subscapularis
- subscapular fossa
- lesser tubercle of humerus
4) latissimus dorsi
- SPs T7-L5 & sacrum/thoracolumbar fascia, posterior 1/3 of iliac crest and ribs 9-12
- intertubercular groove of humerus
5) teres major
- inferior angle of scapula
- intertubercular groove of humerus
What muscles cause the following motions at the shoulder joint? (1 muscle each point)
a) flexion
b) extension
c) abduction
1) anterior deltoid
2) posterior deltoid
3) middle deltoid
What (4) muscles cause extension at the elbow joint? Provide their attachment points
1) triceps - long head
- infraglenoid tubercle
- olecranon
2) triceps - medial head
- posterior humerus beneath radial groove
- olecranon
3) triceps - lateral head
- posterior humerus above radial groove
- olecranon
4) anconeus
- posterior/lateral epicondyle of humerus
- lateral olecranon & proximal dorsal surface of
body of ulna
What (4) muscles cause flexion at the elbow joint? Provide their attachment points
1) biceps - long head
- supraglenoid tubercle
- radial tuberosity
2) biceps - short head
- coracoid process of scapula
- radial tuberosity
3) brachialis
- anterior distal half of humerus
- ulnar tuberosity & anterior coronoid process
4) brachioradialis
- ridge superior to lateral epicondyle of humerus
- lateral base of styloid process of radius
a) What are the (6) flexor muscles of the forearm - lateral to medial?
b) What are the (2) muscles left over not part of the flexor group, but still part of the anterior compartment?
Memory Mneumonic: Ponder This: Digits are Superficial Police Love to Carry Ridiculousness with Digits Profoundly while Carrying Unicorns ... in your Palm Longingly, to Protect the Queen!
a) 6 flexor muscles:
1) pronator teres - pronates & flexes forearm
2) flexor digitorum superficialis
3) flexor pollicis longus
4) flexor carpi radialis
5) flexor digitorum profundus
6) flexor carpi ulnaris
b) 2 muscles left in anterior forearm:
1) palmaris longus - most superficial - flexes hand, tenses flexor retinaculum
2) pronator quadratus - pronates the hand
What are the extensor muscles of the forearm?
a) 5 Superficial - lateral to medial
b) 3 Deep - lateral to medial
c) What are the remaining (3) muscles left on the posterior aspect of the forearm and their function?
a) Superficial - lateral to medial:
1) extensor carpi radialis longus
2) extensor carpi radialis brevis
3) extensor digitorum
4) extensor digiti minimi
5) extensor carpi ulnaris
b) Deep - lateral to medial:
1) extensor pollicis brevis
2) extensor pollicis longus
3) extensor indicis
c) 3 muscles remaining on posterior forearm:
1) anconeus - extension at elbow joint
2) supinator - supination at elbow joint
3) abductor pollicis longus - abduction at wrist
and thumb
a) What forms the Q-angle?
b) What degree amount is normal?
a) Angle formed by:
- functional longitudinal axis of femur
- longitudinal axis of tibia
b) Normally measures 10-12 degrees
What is the TMJ?
ADD TO QUESTION!
TMJ - temporomandibular joint - mandibular fossa and articular tubercle of temporal bone and posterior condylar process of the mandible (lower jaw bone)
1 of 2 synovial joints of the body with an articular disk inbetween
What muscles cause extension in the region of C3-C7?
1) erector spinae - spinalis, iliocostalis, longissimus
2) trapezius
3) semispinalis - cervicis, capitis
4) splenius - cervicis, capitis
What are the (4) muscles of inhalation?
1) respiratory diaphragm
2) scalenes
3) sternocleidomastoid
4) external intercostals
What are the (4) muscles of exhalation?
1) rectus abdominus
2) internal/external obliques
3) transverse abdominus
4) internal intercostals
What are the (5) muscles in the forearm that attach to the common flexor tendon? What is their common attachment point?
1) flexor carpi ulnaris
2) flexor carpi radialis
3) pronator teres
4) flexor digitorum superficialis
5) palmaris longus
Common Attachment Point: medial epicondyle of humerus
What are the (4) muscles in the forearm that attach to the common extensor tendon? What is their common attachment point?
1) extensor carpi ulnaris
2) extensor carpi radialis brevis
3) extensor digitorum
4) extensor digiti minimi
Common Attachment Point: lateral epicondyle of humerus
Name (2) related muscles that connect around the root of the neck - what is considered the root of the neck?
1) splenius capitis
2) splenius cervicis
The root of the neck is D/T4
Name (3) muscles with attachment to the corocoid process of the scapula - describe the main function(s) of each muscle.
1) pectoralis minor - elevates ribs, draws scapula inferiorly/medially
2) biceps brachii (short head) - flexion (and supination) at the elbow joint
3) coracobrachialis - adduction and flexion of the shoulder (with some medial rotation)
Name (5) muscles with attachment to the clavicle - describe the main function(s) of each muscle.
1) pectoralis major - internal rotation of the shoulder, adduction of the humerus
2) trapezius - rotation, retraction, elevation, and depression of scapula, levitation of clavicle
3) anterior deltoid - flexion and internal rotation at the shoulder
4) sternocleidomastoid - sidebending same side, rotation to opposite side of the cervical spine
5) subclavius muscle - depresses clavicle inferiorly and anteriorly
Name the (6) ligamentous structures at the shoulder joint (hint: clavicle, scapula, humerus) Bonus: ligament responsible for maintaining attachment with the axial skeleton via the manubrium, what type of joint this is and what structure is present that makes it unusual...
1) acromioclavicular ligament
2) coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid & conoid)
3) coracoacromial ligament
4) coracohumeral ligament
5) superior transverse scapular ligament
6) capsular ligament (head of humerus glenoid cavity - includes a glenoid labrum)
BONUS: sternoclavicular ligament - synovial planar joint - has an articular disc made of fibrocartilage
Name the (3) scalene muscles and their attachment points.
1) anterior scalenes - ribs 1 & anterior tubercles of the TVPs for C3-C6
2) middle scalenes - ribs 1 & posterior tubercles of the TVPs for C2-C7
3) posterior scalenes - ribs 2 & posterior tubercles of TVPs for C5-C7
a) What muscle indicates that lifts the scapula in it’s naming?
b) What are it’s attachment points?
a) Levator Scapulae
b) TVPs C1-C4 & superior/medial border of scapula
What are the (3) sections of the sternum? What structure separates the superior 2 sections?
1) Manubrium
2) Gladiolus
3) Xyphoid Process
Separating Structure: Sternal Angle/Angle of Louis
Which vertebra does the most inferior aspect of the sternum line-up with?
D/T9
Provide attachment points for the Trapezius muscle.
- occipital bone; nuchal ligament; SPs T1-12 & sacrum; posterior 1/3 of iliac crest
- lateral 1/3 clavicle; acromion & scapular spine
Provide attachment points for the Latissimus Dorsi muscle.
- SPs T7-L5 & sacrum; with attachment to the thoracolumbar fascia; posterior 1/3 of iliac crest
- inferior angle of scapula; intertubercular groove of superior/anterior humerus; ribs 9-12
