Anatomy Week 1 (2)

Question 1

Jejunum vs Ilium characteristics? (6 comparisons)

Answer 1

• deep red vs pale pink
• thick/heavy vs thin/light
• greater vascularity vs less
• longer vasa recta vs shorter
• less fat in mesentary vs more
• not many lymphoid nodules vs many

Question 2

What is the blood supply of the midgut?

Answer 2

superior mesenteric artery. branch of ventral abdominal aorta at L1.

branches are jejunal arteries, ileal arteries, colic arteries, apendicular arteries

Question 3

What is accompanied by the superior mesentery artery?

Answer 3

Superior mesenteric vein

Question 4

What does the hindgut consist of?

Answer 4

left 1/3rd of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and upper anal canal

Question 5

Where does the large intestine begin?

Answer 5

cecum

Question 6

What features are found in the large intestine that differentiate it from the small?

Answer 6

• omental appendices (fatty projections)
• haustra (constrictions pertruding into lumen)
• teniae coli (thick smooth muscle band)

Question 7

What is the hindgut blood supply, its position and branches?

Answer 7

Inferior mesenteric artery at L3

branches are left colic (supplying distal descending colon and sigmoid colon) and superior rectal artery (supplies upper rectum)

Question 8

Which arteries supply the rectum?

Answer 8

• superior rectal artery supplies upper rectum
• internal iliac artery gives off middle and inferior rectal arteries, supplying middle and inferior rectum

Question 9

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

Answer 9

• vagus nerve from 10th cranial nerve
• pelvic splanchnic nerve S2-4 (gland secretion)

Question 10

What is the sympathetic innervation of the abdominal organs?

Answer 10

T5-L2/3
- abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater is T5-9, lesser is T9-11, least T12)
- prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
- abdominal aortic plexus

Question 11

What is the venous drainage of the abdomen?

Answer 11

all drains into portal vein. drains blood from all abdominal organs into liver

Question 12

What connects to form the portal vein?

Answer 12

superior mesenteric vein and splenic vein. inferior mesenteric drains into splenic vein first

Question 13

Where are the porto-systemic anastamoses?

Answer 13

3 of them.

• anorectal junction
• gastroesophageal junction (cardia)
• the umbilicus

Question 14

What are porto-systemic anastamoses?

Answer 14

where portal circulation comes into contact with the systemic circulation

Question 15

Where does venous drainage of the abdominal organs occur?

Answer 15

portal vein lays behind pancreas neck at L2 and in front of the inferior vena cava

Question 16

What are some pathologies that arise due to portal backflow?

Answer 16

esophageal varices, caput medusae, haemorrhoids

Question 17

What do lymphatic vessels run with?

Answer 17

corresponding arteries

Question 18

Where do lymphatic nodes form?

Answer 18

around major artery branches of the aorta - coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

Question 19

What are the pre-aortic lumbar nodes and their function?

Answer 19

coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric.

drain organs supplied by anterior branches of aorta

Question 20

What is the role of lateral aortic nodes?

Answer 20

drain organs supplied by lateral branches of aorta

Question 21

What is the role of retro-aortic nodes?

Answer 21

drains organs supplied by posterior branches of aorta

Question 22

Which lymph nodes drain the foregut?

Answer 22

coeliac nodes

Question 23

Which lymph nodes drain the midgut?

Answer 23

superior mesenteric nodes

Question 24

Which lymph nodes drain the hindgut?

Answer 24

inferior mesenteric nodes

Question 25

What is included in the prevertebral sympathetic ganglia?

Answer 25

• coeliac ganglia
• aortico-rectal ganglia
• superior and inferior mesenteric ganglia

Question 26

What is the use of porto-systemic anastamoses?

Answer 26

if there is a block in the portal system these allow the blood to still reach the systemic venous system